Flame Retardants for Plastics

Author: Dr. P.W. Dufton
ISBN 978-1-85957-385-3

pages 148

$520.00

Plastics materials are used in large volumes in major applications such as buildings, vehicles and electronic appliances. In each of these areas, fire safety is critical. Hence flame retardants have been developed to improve the properties of plastics under the different conditions of processing and use. Flame retardants can act in a variety of ways: by raising the ignition temperature, reducing the rate of burning, reducing flame spread and reducing smoke generation. There are various test methods in use to quantify the effectiveness of different flame retardants and these are described here.

This report examines the new developments from a range of flame retardant producers, both in products and product ranges. Besides brominated materials, mineral fillers such as alumina trihydrate hold a large market share, alongside phosphorus compounds, antimony trioxide, borates and intumescent materials. The latter function by forming an insulating char on the surface of the material. Nanocomposites are being tested as flame retardant materials - these and other new types of additive are described

Environmental legislation has affected this sector of the additive industry, particularly in the field of halogenated flame retardants. Brominated flame retardants are widely used, effective materials in many resin formulations. Many pressure groups would like to see compounds containing halogens banned. There are concerns about the potential for release and bioaccumulation of toxic combustion products. However, the evidence shows that where the use of these materials has been reduced, for example in television sets in Europe, the number of fires and consequently deaths has increased. The issues are discussed in this report.

At the same time, fire safety requirements for materials have increased. The uncertainty of the situation has lead to major suppliers of flame retardants branching out to secure their position in the market place. Thus larger companies have been purchasing suppliers of alternative types of retardants so that if legislation reduces their share of one sector of the market, they can reap the benefits from their alternative products.

Market data on flame retardants is limited, but the available figures from different sources are summarised here. For example, the market size for flame retardants in the USA is currently around half a million tones per year. There is extensive discussion of specific applications, i.e., automotive, building and construction, and electrical and electronic.

This technical market report highlights the current work on flame retardants by different companies and for different resins; it describes the situation of flux in the marketplace with the new changes to legislation and gives data on the market size and possible future changes.

1 Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 The Report
1.3 Methodology

2. Summary and Conclusions
2.1 Materials
2.2 End User Sectors
2.2.1 Automotive
2.2.2 Electrical Appliances
2.2.3 Business Machines and Consumer Electronics
2.2.4 Building and Construction
2.2.5 Furniture
2.2.6 Trends
2.3 General
2.3.1 Testing and Environmental Factors
2.3.2 Overview

3. Flame Retardants
3.1 General
3.2 Organic Halogen Compounds
3.3 Phosphorus Compounds
3.4 Antimony Trioxide
3.5 Alumina Trihydrate
3.6 Magnesium Hydroxide
3.7 Zinc Borate
3.8 Intumescent Materials

4 Products and their Markets
4.1 Organic Halogen Containing Materials
4.1.1 Bromine Compounds
4.1.1.1 Dead Sea Bromine Group
4.1.1.2 Great Lakes
4.1.1.3 Albermarle
4.1.1.4 Ferro Corporation
4.1.1.5 Unitex Chemical Corporation
4.1.2 Chlorine Compounds
4.2 Phosphorus Containing Compounds
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Polymer Modification
4.2.3 Red Phosphorus
4.2.4 Ammonium Polyphosphate
4.2.5 Phosphorus Oxynitride
4.2.6 Albright & Wilson
4.2.7 Albermarle Corporation
4.2.8 Polymer Tailoring
4.2.9 Akzo Nobel Chemicals
4.2.10 Great Lakes Chemical Corporation
4.2.11 Clariant
4.2.12 Other New Developments
4.3 Inorganic Minerals and Compounds
4.3.1 Antimony Trioxide
4.3.2 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH)
4.3.3 Boron Compounds
4.3.4 Magnesium Hydroxide
4.3.4.1 Technology
4.3.4.2 Commercial Products
4.3.5 Other Inorganic Compounds
4.3.5.1 Iron Compounds
4.3.5.2 Molybdenum Compounds
4.3.5.3 Tin Compounds
4.3.5.4 Talc
4.4 Other Materials
4.4.1 Coatings
4.4.2 Char Forming Polymers
4.4.3 Potassium Compounds
4.4.4 Melamine Compounds
4.4.4.1 Melamine Polyphosphate
4.4.4.2 Melamine Cyanurate (MC)
4.4.5 Silicon Compounds
4.4.6 Graphite
4.4.7 Glass Flake
4.4.8 Low Melting Glasses
4.4.9 Polymer Blends
4.4.10 PTFE
4.4.11 Aluminium Flake
4.4.12 Hindered Amine Light Stabilisers
4.4.13 Nanocomposites
4.4.14 TSWB
4.4.15 Noflan

5 Polymer Families and Their Flame Retardancy
5.1 Polyolefins
5.1.1 Polyethylene
5.1.2 EVA
5.1.3 Polypropylene
5.2 PVC
5.3 Styrenics
5.4 Polyamides
5.5 Modified PPO (m-PPO)
5.6 Polyurethanes
5.7 Thermosets
5.7.1 Unsaturated Polyesters
5.7.2 Epoxy Resins
5.7.3 Phenolics
5.7.4 PU Casting Systems
5.7.5 Acrylic Resins
5.7.6 Dicyclopentadiene
5.8 Thermoplastic Polyesters
5.9 Polycarbonates
5.10 Other Thermoplastics

6 Suppliers and the Consumption of FR Additives and Compounds
6.1 General Comments
6.2 Suppliers
6.2.1 Brominated Flame Retardants
6.2.2 Melamine
6.2.3 Phosphorus Flame Retardants
6.2.4 Mineral Filler Flame Retardants
6.2.5 Borate Flame Retardants
6.3 Consumption and Market Data
6.4 Compounding for Flame Retardancy

7 End-User Market Sectors
7.1 Automotive
7.2 Other Transport
7.3 Electrical Components
7.4 Electronics Products
7.4.1 Telecommunications
7.4.2 Consumer, Brown Goods
7.5 Electrical Cables
7.6 Building and Construction
7.7 Upholstered Furniture and Textiles

8 Fire Testing
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Specific Tests
8.3 Comparing Test Results
8.4 Tests for Building Materials
8.5 Cable Testing
8.6 Mattress Tests
8.7 Clothing Tests

9 Environmental and Regulatory Matters
9.1 Fire Safety
9.1.1 European Standards for Television Sets
9.1.2 Brominated Flame Retardants
9.2 Brominated Flame Retardants
9.3 EU Directives
9.4 Recycling Matters
9.5 Postscript
Abbreviations and Acronyms

Dr. Peter Dufton has extensive experience in writing market reports, having worked with the Rapra Industry Analysis unit for many years.

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{"id":2059099308125,"title":"Handbook of Solvents - 3rd Edition, Volume 2, Use, Health, and Environment","handle":"handbook-of-solvents-3rd-edition-volume-2-use-health-and-environment","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: George Wypych, Editor \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-927885-41-3 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePublication date: March 2019\u003cbr\u003eNumber of pages: 930+xii\u003cbr\u003eFigures: 240\u003cbr\u003eTables: 260\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThe volume begins with a discussion of solvent used in over 30 industries, which are the main consumers of solvents. The analysis is conducted based on available data and contains information on the types (and frequently amounts) of solvents used and potential problems and solutions. This followed by a discussion of residual solvents left in final products.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe third edition contains the most recent findings and trends in the solvent application. This volume together with Vol. 1 Properties; Databook of Green Solvents; and Databook of Solvents contains the most comprehensive, and up to date information ever published on solvents. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe volume begins with a discussion of solvent used in over 30 industries, which are the main consumers of solvents. The analysis is conducted based on the available data and contains information on the types (and frequently amounts) of solvents used and potential problems and solutions. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eChapter 14 contains information on the methods of analysis of solvents and materials containing solvents. The chapter is divided into two sections containing standard and special methods of solvent analysis. This chapter is followed by a discussion of residual solvents left in final products.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe environmental impact of solvents, such as their fate and movement in the water, soil and air, fate-based management of solvent containing wastes, and ecotoxicological effects are discussed in chapter 16. The chapter also contains discussion of solvents impact on tropospheric air pollution.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe next two chapters are devoted to toxicology of solvents and regulations aiming to keep solvents toxicity under control. The analysis of concentration of solvents in more than 15 industries, specific issues related to paint industry, and characteristics of environment in automotive collision repair shops are followed by the thorough discussion of regulations in the USA and Europe.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSolvent toxicology chapters were written by professors and scientists from major centers who study the effects of solvents on various aspects of human health, immediate reaction to solvent poisoning, persistence of symptoms of solvent exposure, and effects of solvents on various parts of the human organism. This is a unique collection of observations which should be frequently consulted by solvent users and agencies which are responsible for the protection of people in the industrial environment.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe following chapters show some examples of solvent substitution by safer materials. Here the emphasis is placed on supercritical solvents, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, and agriculture-based products, such as ethyl lactate. Discussion of solvent recycling, removal, and degradation includes absorptive solvent recovery, comparison of results of recovery and incineration, and application of solar photocatalytic oxidation. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe book is concluded with evaluation of methods of natural attenuation of various solvents in soils and modern methods of cleaning contaminated soils.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis comprehensive two volume book has no equal in depth and breadth to any other publication available today Also, Solvent database on CD-ROM is available which contains data on close to 2000 solvents. The data organized in sections such as General, Physical \u0026amp; Chemical Properties, Health \u0026amp; Safety, Environmental, and Use, contain all available and required data to use solvent efficiently and safely.\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n13 SOLVENT USE IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIES\u003cbr\u003e13.1 Adhesives and sealants\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e13.2 Aerospace\u003cbr\u003e13.3 Asphalt compounding\u003cbr\u003e13.4 Biotechnology\u003cbr\u003e13.4.1 Organic solvents in microbial production processes\u003cbr\u003eMichiaki Matsumoto, Sonja Isken, Jan A. M. de Bont, Division of Industrial Microbiology Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands\u003cbr\u003e13.4.2 Solvent-resistant microorganisms\u003cbr\u003eTilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart, Institut fuer Allgemeine Hygiene und Umwelthygiene, Universitaet Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany\u003cbr\u003e13.4.3 Choice of solvent for enzymatic reaction in organic solvent\u003cbr\u003eTsuneo Yamane, Graduate School of Bio- and Agro-Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan\u003cbr\u003e13.5 Coil coating\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e13.6 Cosmetics and personal care products\u003cbr\u003e13.7 Dry cleaning - treatment of textiles in solvents\u003cbr\u003eKaspar D. Hasenclever, Kreussler \u0026amp; Co. GmbH, Wiesbaden, Germany\u003cbr\u003e13.8 Fabricated metal products\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e13.9 Food industry - solvents for extracting vegetable oils\u003cbr\u003ePhillip J. Wakelyn, National Cotton Council, Washington, DC, USA; Peter J. Wan, USDA, ARS, SRRC, New Orleans, LA, USA\u003cbr\u003e13.10 Ground transportation\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e13.11 Inorganic chemical industry\u003cbr\u003e13.12 Iron and steel industry\u003cbr\u003e13.13 Lumber and wood products - Wood preservation treatment: significance of solvents\u003cbr\u003eTilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart, Fritz Schweinsberg, Institut fuer Allgemeine Hygiene und Umwelthygiene, Universitaet Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Gerhard Volland, Otto-Graf-Institut, Universitaet Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany\u003cbr\u003e13.14 Medical applications\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e13.15 Metal casting\u003cbr\u003e13.16 Motor vehicle assembly\u003cbr\u003e13.17 Organic chemical industry\u003cbr\u003e13.18 Paints and coatings\u003cbr\u003e13.18.1 Architectural surface coatings and solvents\u003cbr\u003eTilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart, Fritz Schweinsberg, Institut fuer Allgemeine Hygiene und Umwelthygiene, Universitaet Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Gerhard Volland, Otto-Graf-Institut, Universitaet Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany\u003cbr\u003e13.18.2 Recent advances in coalescing solvents for waterborne coatings\u003cbr\u003eDavid Randall, Chemoxy International pcl, Cleveland, United Kingdom\u003cbr\u003e13.19 Petroleum refining industry\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e13.20 Pharmaceutical industry\u003cbr\u003e13.20.1 Use of solvents in the manufacture of drug substances (DS) and drug products (DP)\u003cbr\u003eMichel Bauer, International Analytical Department, Sanofi-Synthelabo, Toulouse, France; Christine Barthelemy, Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galenique et Biopharmacie, Faculte des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Universite de Lille 2, Lille, France\u003cbr\u003e13.20.2 Predicting cosolvency for pharmaceutical and environmental applications\u003cbr\u003eAn Li, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA\u003cbr\u003e13.21 Polymers and man-made fibers\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e13.22 Printing industry\u003cbr\u003e13.23 Pulp and paper\u003cbr\u003e13.24 Rubber and Plastics\u003cbr\u003e13.25 Use of solvents in the shipbuilding and ship repair industry\u003cbr\u003eMohamed Serageldin, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Dave Reeves, Midwest Research Institute, Cary, NC, USA\u003cbr\u003e13.26 Stone, clay, glass, and concrete\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e13.27 Textile industry\u003cbr\u003e13.28 Transportation equipment cleaning\u003cbr\u003e13.29 Water transportation\u003cbr\u003e13.30 Wood furniture\u003cbr\u003e13.31 Summary\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e14 METHODS OF SOLVENT DETECTION AND TESTING\u003cbr\u003e14.1 Standard methods of solvent analysis\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e14.2 Special methods of solvent analysis\u003cbr\u003eMyrto Petreas, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e15 RESIDUAL SOLVENTS IN PRODUCTS\u003cbr\u003e15.1 Residual solvents in various products\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e15.2 Residual solvents in pharmaceutical substances and products\u003cbr\u003eEric Deconinck and Bart Desmedt\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e16 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF SOLVENTS\u003cbr\u003e16.1 The environmental chemistry of organic solvents\u003cbr\u003eWilliam R. Roy, USA\u003cbr\u003e16.2 The environmental chemistry of ionic liquids\u003cbr\u003eWilliam R. Roy, USA\u003cbr\u003e16.3 Organic solvent impacts on tropospheric air pollution\u003cbr\u003eMichelle Bergin, Armistead Russell, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e17 CONCENTRATION OF SOLVENTS IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS\u003cbr\u003e17.1 Measurement and estimation of solvents emission and odor\u003cbr\u003eMargot Scheithauer, Institut fuer Holztechnologie Dresden, Germany\u003cbr\u003e17.2 Emission of organic solvents during usage of ecological paints\u003cbr\u003eKrzysztof M. Benczek, Joanna Kurpiewska, Central Institute for Labor Protection, Warsaw, Poland\u003cbr\u003e17.3 Solvent levels in the vehicle collision repair industry\u003cbr\u003eSamuel Keer, Centre for Public Health Research, Wellington, New Zealand\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e18 REGULATIONS\u003cbr\u003e18 Regulations in US and other countries\u003cbr\u003eCarlos M. Nunez, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory Research, Triangle Park, NC, USA\u003cbr\u003e18.1 Regulations in Europe\u003cbr\u003eTilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart, Fritz Schweinsberg, Institut fuer Allgemeine Hygiene und Umwelthygiene, Universitaet Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany\u003cbr\u003e19 TOXIC EFFECTS OF SOLVENT EXPOSURE\u003cbr\u003e19.1 Toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, and toxicology\u003cbr\u003eTilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart, Fritz Schweinsberg, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany\u003cbr\u003e19.2 Solvent exposure in pregnancy\u003cbr\u003eSC Mitchell, Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK and RH Waring\u003cbr\u003eSchool of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, UK \u003cbr\u003e19.3 Nephrotoxicity of industrial solvents\u003cbr\u003eNachman Brautbar and Michael P. Wu, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA and Nachman Brautbar, M.D., Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA\u003cbr\u003e19.4 Lymphohematopoietic malignancies among workers exposed to benzene including leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma\u003cbr\u003eNachman Brautbar, Michael P. Wu, Alexandra E. Rieders, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA and Nachman Brautbar, M.D., Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA\u003cbr\u003e19.5 Genotoxicity of benzene\u003cbr\u003eNachman Brautbar, Michael P. Wu, Alexandra E. Rieders, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA and Nachman Brautbar, M.D., Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA\u003cbr\u003e19.6 Chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatoid exchanges\u003cbr\u003eNachman Brautbar, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA and Nachman Brautbar, M.D., Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA\u003cbr\u003e19.7 Hepatotoxicity of industrial solvents\u003cbr\u003eNachman Brautbar and Michael P. Wu, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA and Nachman Brautbar, M.D., Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA\u003cbr\u003e19.8 Toxicity of environmental solvent exposure for brain, lung and heart\u003cbr\u003eKaye H. Kilburn, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e20 SUBSTITUTION OF SOLVENTS BY SAFER PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES\u003cbr\u003e20.1 Supercritical solvents\u003cbr\u003eAydin K. Sunol, Sermin G. Sunol, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA\u003cbr\u003e20.2 Ionic liquids\u003cbr\u003eD.W. Rooney and Johan Jacquemin, School of Chemistry, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland\u003cbr\u003e20.3 Deep eutectic solvents and their applications as new green reaction media\u003cbr\u003eJoaquin Garcia-Alvarez, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain\u003cbr\u003e20.4 Novel applications of the bio-based solvent ethyl lactate in chemical technology\u003cbr\u003eDavid Villanueva-Bermejo, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, \u003cbr\u003eUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada and Tiziana Fornari, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e21 SOLVENT RECYCLING, REMOVAL, AND DEGRADATION\u003cbr\u003e21.1 Absorptive solvent recovery\u003cbr\u003eKlaus-Dirk Henning, CarboTech Aktivkohlen GmbH, Essen, Germany\u003cbr\u003e21.2 Recovery versus incineration\u003cbr\u003eDanilo Alexander Figueroa Paredes and José Espinosa. INGAR, Avellaneda, Argentina and Antonio Amelio, Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering), Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy \u003cbr\u003e21.3 Solvent recovery, recycling, and incineration\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych\u003cbr\u003eChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e21.4 Application of solar photocatalytic oxidation to VOC-containing airstreams\u003cbr\u003eK. A. Magrini, A. S. Watt, L. C. Boyd, E. J. Wolfrum, S. A. Larson,C. Roth, G. C. Glatzmaier, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e22 NATURAL ATTENUATION OF CHLORINATED SOLVENTS IN GROUND WATER\u003cbr\u003eHanadi S. Rifai, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Groundwater Services, Inc., Houston, Texas, USA; Charles J. Newell Todd H. Wiedemeier, Parson Engineering Science, Denver, CO, USA\u003cbr\u003eMoffett Field, CA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIndex\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e","published_at":"2019-03-18T15:00:01-04:00","created_at":"2019-03-18T14:55:10-04:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["book","degradation","detection","environment","health","lymphohematopoietic study","new","pharmaceutical","recycling","regulations","solvents","tesing","toxic effects"],"price":29500,"price_min":29500,"price_max":29500,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":20181988212829,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Handbook of Solvents - 3rd Edition, Volume 2, Use, Health, and Environment","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":29500,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-1-895198-65-2"}],"images":["\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1555\/1853\/products\/978-1-927885-41-3.jpg?v=1552935531"],"featured_image":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1555\/1853\/products\/978-1-927885-41-3.jpg?v=1552935531","options":["Title"],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: George Wypych, Editor \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-927885-41-3 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePublication date: March 2019\u003cbr\u003eNumber of pages: 930+xii\u003cbr\u003eFigures: 240\u003cbr\u003eTables: 260\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThe volume begins with a discussion of solvent used in over 30 industries, which are the main consumers of solvents. The analysis is conducted based on available data and contains information on the types (and frequently amounts) of solvents used and potential problems and solutions. This followed by a discussion of residual solvents left in final products.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe third edition contains the most recent findings and trends in the solvent application. This volume together with Vol. 1 Properties; Databook of Green Solvents; and Databook of Solvents contains the most comprehensive, and up to date information ever published on solvents. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe volume begins with a discussion of solvent used in over 30 industries, which are the main consumers of solvents. The analysis is conducted based on the available data and contains information on the types (and frequently amounts) of solvents used and potential problems and solutions. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eChapter 14 contains information on the methods of analysis of solvents and materials containing solvents. The chapter is divided into two sections containing standard and special methods of solvent analysis. This chapter is followed by a discussion of residual solvents left in final products.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe environmental impact of solvents, such as their fate and movement in the water, soil and air, fate-based management of solvent containing wastes, and ecotoxicological effects are discussed in chapter 16. The chapter also contains discussion of solvents impact on tropospheric air pollution.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe next two chapters are devoted to toxicology of solvents and regulations aiming to keep solvents toxicity under control. The analysis of concentration of solvents in more than 15 industries, specific issues related to paint industry, and characteristics of environment in automotive collision repair shops are followed by the thorough discussion of regulations in the USA and Europe.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSolvent toxicology chapters were written by professors and scientists from major centers who study the effects of solvents on various aspects of human health, immediate reaction to solvent poisoning, persistence of symptoms of solvent exposure, and effects of solvents on various parts of the human organism. This is a unique collection of observations which should be frequently consulted by solvent users and agencies which are responsible for the protection of people in the industrial environment.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe following chapters show some examples of solvent substitution by safer materials. Here the emphasis is placed on supercritical solvents, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, and agriculture-based products, such as ethyl lactate. Discussion of solvent recycling, removal, and degradation includes absorptive solvent recovery, comparison of results of recovery and incineration, and application of solar photocatalytic oxidation. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe book is concluded with evaluation of methods of natural attenuation of various solvents in soils and modern methods of cleaning contaminated soils.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis comprehensive two volume book has no equal in depth and breadth to any other publication available today Also, Solvent database on CD-ROM is available which contains data on close to 2000 solvents. The data organized in sections such as General, Physical \u0026amp; Chemical Properties, Health \u0026amp; Safety, Environmental, and Use, contain all available and required data to use solvent efficiently and safely.\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n13 SOLVENT USE IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIES\u003cbr\u003e13.1 Adhesives and sealants\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e13.2 Aerospace\u003cbr\u003e13.3 Asphalt compounding\u003cbr\u003e13.4 Biotechnology\u003cbr\u003e13.4.1 Organic solvents in microbial production processes\u003cbr\u003eMichiaki Matsumoto, Sonja Isken, Jan A. M. de Bont, Division of Industrial Microbiology Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands\u003cbr\u003e13.4.2 Solvent-resistant microorganisms\u003cbr\u003eTilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart, Institut fuer Allgemeine Hygiene und Umwelthygiene, Universitaet Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany\u003cbr\u003e13.4.3 Choice of solvent for enzymatic reaction in organic solvent\u003cbr\u003eTsuneo Yamane, Graduate School of Bio- and Agro-Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan\u003cbr\u003e13.5 Coil coating\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e13.6 Cosmetics and personal care products\u003cbr\u003e13.7 Dry cleaning - treatment of textiles in solvents\u003cbr\u003eKaspar D. Hasenclever, Kreussler \u0026amp; Co. GmbH, Wiesbaden, Germany\u003cbr\u003e13.8 Fabricated metal products\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e13.9 Food industry - solvents for extracting vegetable oils\u003cbr\u003ePhillip J. Wakelyn, National Cotton Council, Washington, DC, USA; Peter J. Wan, USDA, ARS, SRRC, New Orleans, LA, USA\u003cbr\u003e13.10 Ground transportation\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e13.11 Inorganic chemical industry\u003cbr\u003e13.12 Iron and steel industry\u003cbr\u003e13.13 Lumber and wood products - Wood preservation treatment: significance of solvents\u003cbr\u003eTilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart, Fritz Schweinsberg, Institut fuer Allgemeine Hygiene und Umwelthygiene, Universitaet Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Gerhard Volland, Otto-Graf-Institut, Universitaet Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany\u003cbr\u003e13.14 Medical applications\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e13.15 Metal casting\u003cbr\u003e13.16 Motor vehicle assembly\u003cbr\u003e13.17 Organic chemical industry\u003cbr\u003e13.18 Paints and coatings\u003cbr\u003e13.18.1 Architectural surface coatings and solvents\u003cbr\u003eTilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart, Fritz Schweinsberg, Institut fuer Allgemeine Hygiene und Umwelthygiene, Universitaet Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Gerhard Volland, Otto-Graf-Institut, Universitaet Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany\u003cbr\u003e13.18.2 Recent advances in coalescing solvents for waterborne coatings\u003cbr\u003eDavid Randall, Chemoxy International pcl, Cleveland, United Kingdom\u003cbr\u003e13.19 Petroleum refining industry\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e13.20 Pharmaceutical industry\u003cbr\u003e13.20.1 Use of solvents in the manufacture of drug substances (DS) and drug products (DP)\u003cbr\u003eMichel Bauer, International Analytical Department, Sanofi-Synthelabo, Toulouse, France; Christine Barthelemy, Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galenique et Biopharmacie, Faculte des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Universite de Lille 2, Lille, France\u003cbr\u003e13.20.2 Predicting cosolvency for pharmaceutical and environmental applications\u003cbr\u003eAn Li, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA\u003cbr\u003e13.21 Polymers and man-made fibers\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e13.22 Printing industry\u003cbr\u003e13.23 Pulp and paper\u003cbr\u003e13.24 Rubber and Plastics\u003cbr\u003e13.25 Use of solvents in the shipbuilding and ship repair industry\u003cbr\u003eMohamed Serageldin, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Dave Reeves, Midwest Research Institute, Cary, NC, USA\u003cbr\u003e13.26 Stone, clay, glass, and concrete\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e13.27 Textile industry\u003cbr\u003e13.28 Transportation equipment cleaning\u003cbr\u003e13.29 Water transportation\u003cbr\u003e13.30 Wood furniture\u003cbr\u003e13.31 Summary\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e14 METHODS OF SOLVENT DETECTION AND TESTING\u003cbr\u003e14.1 Standard methods of solvent analysis\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e14.2 Special methods of solvent analysis\u003cbr\u003eMyrto Petreas, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e15 RESIDUAL SOLVENTS IN PRODUCTS\u003cbr\u003e15.1 Residual solvents in various products\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e15.2 Residual solvents in pharmaceutical substances and products\u003cbr\u003eEric Deconinck and Bart Desmedt\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e16 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF SOLVENTS\u003cbr\u003e16.1 The environmental chemistry of organic solvents\u003cbr\u003eWilliam R. Roy, USA\u003cbr\u003e16.2 The environmental chemistry of ionic liquids\u003cbr\u003eWilliam R. Roy, USA\u003cbr\u003e16.3 Organic solvent impacts on tropospheric air pollution\u003cbr\u003eMichelle Bergin, Armistead Russell, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e17 CONCENTRATION OF SOLVENTS IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS\u003cbr\u003e17.1 Measurement and estimation of solvents emission and odor\u003cbr\u003eMargot Scheithauer, Institut fuer Holztechnologie Dresden, Germany\u003cbr\u003e17.2 Emission of organic solvents during usage of ecological paints\u003cbr\u003eKrzysztof M. Benczek, Joanna Kurpiewska, Central Institute for Labor Protection, Warsaw, Poland\u003cbr\u003e17.3 Solvent levels in the vehicle collision repair industry\u003cbr\u003eSamuel Keer, Centre for Public Health Research, Wellington, New Zealand\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e18 REGULATIONS\u003cbr\u003e18 Regulations in US and other countries\u003cbr\u003eCarlos M. Nunez, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory Research, Triangle Park, NC, USA\u003cbr\u003e18.1 Regulations in Europe\u003cbr\u003eTilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart, Fritz Schweinsberg, Institut fuer Allgemeine Hygiene und Umwelthygiene, Universitaet Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany\u003cbr\u003e19 TOXIC EFFECTS OF SOLVENT EXPOSURE\u003cbr\u003e19.1 Toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, and toxicology\u003cbr\u003eTilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart, Fritz Schweinsberg, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany\u003cbr\u003e19.2 Solvent exposure in pregnancy\u003cbr\u003eSC Mitchell, Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK and RH Waring\u003cbr\u003eSchool of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, UK \u003cbr\u003e19.3 Nephrotoxicity of industrial solvents\u003cbr\u003eNachman Brautbar and Michael P. Wu, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA and Nachman Brautbar, M.D., Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA\u003cbr\u003e19.4 Lymphohematopoietic malignancies among workers exposed to benzene including leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma\u003cbr\u003eNachman Brautbar, Michael P. Wu, Alexandra E. Rieders, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA and Nachman Brautbar, M.D., Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA\u003cbr\u003e19.5 Genotoxicity of benzene\u003cbr\u003eNachman Brautbar, Michael P. Wu, Alexandra E. Rieders, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA and Nachman Brautbar, M.D., Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA\u003cbr\u003e19.6 Chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatoid exchanges\u003cbr\u003eNachman Brautbar, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA and Nachman Brautbar, M.D., Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA\u003cbr\u003e19.7 Hepatotoxicity of industrial solvents\u003cbr\u003eNachman Brautbar and Michael P. Wu, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA and Nachman Brautbar, M.D., Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA\u003cbr\u003e19.8 Toxicity of environmental solvent exposure for brain, lung and heart\u003cbr\u003eKaye H. Kilburn, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e20 SUBSTITUTION OF SOLVENTS BY SAFER PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES\u003cbr\u003e20.1 Supercritical solvents\u003cbr\u003eAydin K. Sunol, Sermin G. Sunol, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA\u003cbr\u003e20.2 Ionic liquids\u003cbr\u003eD.W. Rooney and Johan Jacquemin, School of Chemistry, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland\u003cbr\u003e20.3 Deep eutectic solvents and their applications as new green reaction media\u003cbr\u003eJoaquin Garcia-Alvarez, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain\u003cbr\u003e20.4 Novel applications of the bio-based solvent ethyl lactate in chemical technology\u003cbr\u003eDavid Villanueva-Bermejo, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, \u003cbr\u003eUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada and Tiziana Fornari, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e21 SOLVENT RECYCLING, REMOVAL, AND DEGRADATION\u003cbr\u003e21.1 Absorptive solvent recovery\u003cbr\u003eKlaus-Dirk Henning, CarboTech Aktivkohlen GmbH, Essen, Germany\u003cbr\u003e21.2 Recovery versus incineration\u003cbr\u003eDanilo Alexander Figueroa Paredes and José Espinosa. INGAR, Avellaneda, Argentina and Antonio Amelio, Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering), Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy \u003cbr\u003e21.3 Solvent recovery, recycling, and incineration\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych\u003cbr\u003eChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e21.4 Application of solar photocatalytic oxidation to VOC-containing airstreams\u003cbr\u003eK. A. Magrini, A. S. Watt, L. C. Boyd, E. J. Wolfrum, S. A. Larson,C. Roth, G. C. Glatzmaier, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e22 NATURAL ATTENUATION OF CHLORINATED SOLVENTS IN GROUND WATER\u003cbr\u003eHanadi S. Rifai, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Groundwater Services, Inc., Houston, Texas, USA; Charles J. Newell Todd H. Wiedemeier, Parson Engineering Science, Denver, CO, USA\u003cbr\u003eMoffett Field, CA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIndex\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e"}

Handbook of Solvents -...

$295.00

{"id":2059094556765,"title":"Handbook of Solvents - 3rd Edition, Volume 1, Properties","handle":"handbook-of-solvents-3rd-edition-volume-1-properties","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: George Wypych, Editor \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-927885-38-3 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePublished: March 2019\u003cbr\u003ePages 900+x\u003cbr\u003eFigures: 315\u003cbr\u003eTables: 130\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThe third edition contains the most recent findings and trends in the solvent application. This volume together with Vol. 2 Use, Health \u0026amp; Environment, Databook of Green Solvents, and Databook of Solvents contains the most comprehensive, and up to date information ever published on solvents. \u003cbr\u003eEach chapter in this volume is focused on a specific aspect of solvent properties which determine its selection, such as effect on properties of solutes and solutions, properties of different groups of solvents and the summary of their applications' effect on health and environment (given in tabulated form), swelling of solids in solvents, solvent diffusion and drying processes, nature of interaction of solvent and solute in solutions, acid-base interactions, effect of solvents on spectral and other electronic properties of solutions, effect of solvents on rheology of solution, aggregation of solutes, permeability, molecular structure, crystallinity, configuration, and conformation of dissolved high molecular weight compounds, methods of application of solvent mixtures to enhance the range of their applicability, and effect of solvents on chemical reactions and reactivity of dissolved substances. The detailed breakdown of the book contents is given in Table of contents.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe main emphasis in this volume is on comprehensive treatment and ease of information use. The first goal was achieved by the selection of authors who are specialists in individual areas. The second goal was achieved by targeting the intended audience, which includes readers of different specializations who need to understand solvents from various relevant views of their applications and effects. This difficult task was fully embraced by the authors, who used their knowledge to write about all the important details with the clarity of non-specialized language. This makes this book unique because it allows all those involved in the area of solvents to understand the disciplines involved in this complex, multi-disciplinary subject. The additional goal was to present a synthesis of existing data for immediate use but leaving specific data on individual solvents to the databooks containing information on presently used solvents or its database format on CD-ROM which can handle a large amount of information with ease of retrieval.\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n1 INTRODUCTION\u003cbr\u003eChristian Reichardt, Department of Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany\u003cbr\u003e2 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES GOVERNING SOLVENTS USE\u003cbr\u003e2.1 Solvent effects on chemical systems\u003cbr\u003eEstanislao Silla, Arturo Arnau and Inaki Tunon, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Burjassot (Valencia), Spain\u003cbr\u003e2.2 Molecular design of solvents\u003cbr\u003eKoichiro Nakanishi, Kurashiki Univ. Sci. \u0026amp; the Arts, Okayama, Japan\u003cbr\u003e2.3 Basic physical and chemical properties of solvents\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e3 PRODUCTION METHODS, PROPERTIES, AND MAIN APPLICATIONS\u003cbr\u003e3.1 Definitions and solvent classification\u003cbr\u003eChristian Reichardt, Philipps-Universitaet, Marburg, Germany\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e3.2 Overview of methods of solvent manufacture\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e3.3 Solvent properties\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e4 GENERAL PRINCIPLES GOVERNING DISSOLUTION OF MATERIALS IN SOLVENTS\u003cbr\u003e4.1 Simple solvent characteristics\u003cbr\u003eValery Yu. Senichev, Vasiliy V. Tereshatov, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia\u003cbr\u003e4.2 Effect of system variables on solubility\u003cbr\u003eValery Yu. Senichev, Vasiliy V. Tereshatov, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia\u003cbr\u003e4.3 Solvation dynamics: theory and experiments\u003cbr\u003eYogita Silori and Arijit K. De, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Knowledge City, India\u003cbr\u003e4.4 Methods for the measurement of solvent activity of polymer solutions\u003cbr\u003eChristian Wohlfarth, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Merseburg, Germany\u003cbr\u003e5 SOLUBILITY OF SELECTED SYSTEMS AND INFLUENCE OF SOLUTES\u003cbr\u003e5.1 Experimental methods of evaluation and calculation of solubility parameters of polymers and solvents. Solubility parameters data\u003cbr\u003eValery Yu. Senichev, Vasiliy V. Tereshatov, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia\u003cbr\u003e5.2 Prediction of solubility parameter\u003cbr\u003eNobuyuki Tanaka, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering Gunma University, Kiryu, Japan\u003cbr\u003e5.3 Methods of calculation of solubility parameters of solvents and polymers\u003cbr\u003eValery Yu. Senichev, Vasiliy V. Tereshatov, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia, \u003cbr\u003e6 SWELLING\u003cbr\u003e6.1 Modern views on kinetics of swelling of crosslinked elastomers in solvents\u003cbr\u003eE. Ya. Denisyuk, Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics; V. V. Tereshatov Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia\u003cbr\u003e6.2 Equilibrium swelling in binary solvents\u003cbr\u003eVasiliy V. Tereshatov, Valery Yu. Senichev, Institute of Technical Chemistry; E. Ya. Denisyuk, Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia\u003cbr\u003e6.3 Swelling data on crosslinked polymers in solvents\u003cbr\u003eVasiliy V. Tereshatov, Valery Yu. Senichev, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia\u003cbr\u003e6.4 Influence of structure on equilibrium swelling\u003cbr\u003eVasiliy V. Tereshatov, Valery Yu. Senichev, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia\u003cbr\u003e6.5 Effect of strain on swelling of nanostructured elastomers\u003cbr\u003eVasiliy V. Tereshatov, Valery Yu. Senichev, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia\u003cbr\u003e6.6 Effect of thermodynamic parameters of polymer-solvent system on the swelling kinetics of crosslinked elastomers\u003cbr\u003eVasiliy V. Tereshatov, Valery Yu. Senichev, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia\u003cbr\u003e7 SOLVENT TRANSPORT PHENOMENA\u003cbr\u003e7.1 Diffusion, swelling, and drying\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e7.2 Bubbles dynamics and boiling of polymeric solutions \u003cbr\u003eSemyon Levitsky, Negev Academic College of Engineering, Israel; Zinoviy Shulman, A.V. Luikov Heat and Mass Transfer Institute, Belarus\u003cbr\u003e8 MIXED SOLVENTS\u003cbr\u003e8.1 Mixed solvents\u003cbr\u003eY. Y. Fialkov, V. L. Chumak, Department of Chemistry, National Technical University of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine\u003cbr\u003e8.2 The phenomenological theory of solvent effects in mixed solvent systems\u003cbr\u003eKenneth A. Connors, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA\u003cbr\u003e9 ACID-BASE INTERACTIONS\u003cbr\u003e9.1 General concept of acid-base interactions\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e9.2 Acid-base equilibria in ionic solvents (ionic melts)\u003cbr\u003eVictor Cherginets, Tatyana Rebrova and Alexander Rebrov, Institute for Scintillation Materials, Kharkov, Ukraine\u003cbr\u003e9.3 Solvent effects based on pure solvent scales\u003cbr\u003eJavier Catalan, Departamento de Química Fisíca Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain\u003cbr\u003e9.4 Acid\/base properties of solvents mixtures\u003cbr\u003eTadeusz Michalowski, Boguslaw Pilarski, Augustin Asuero, Anna Michalowska-Kaczmarczyk, Technical University of Cracow, Cracow, Poland and University of Seville Seville, Spain\u003cbr\u003e10 ELECTRONIC AND ELECTRICAL EFFECTS OF SOLVENTS\u003cbr\u003e10.1 Solvent effects on electronic and vibrational spectra\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych\u003cbr\u003e10.2 Dielectric solvent effects on the intensity of light absorption and the radiative rate constant\u003cbr\u003eTai-ichi Shibuya\u003cbr\u003e10.3 Solvatochromic behavior\u003cbr\u003eMalgorzata Wielgus and Wojciech Bartkowiak, Wroclaw Technical University, Poland\u003cbr\u003e11 OTHER PROPERTIES OF SOLVENTS, SOLUTIONS, AND PRODUCTS OBTAINED FROM SOLUTIONS\u003cbr\u003e11.1 Rheological properties, aggregation, permeability, molecular structure, crystallinity, and other properties affected by solvents\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e12 EFFECT OF SOLVENTS ON CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND REACTIVITY\u003cbr\u003e12.1 Solvent effects on chemical reactivity\u003cbr\u003eWolfganG Linert, Markus Holzweber, and Roland Schmid, Technical University of Vienna, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Vienna, Austria\u003cbr\u003e12.2 Solvent effects on free radical polymerization\u003cbr\u003eMichelle L. Coote and Thomas P. Davis, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical, Engineering \u0026amp; Industrial Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia","published_at":"2019-03-18T15:00:01-04:00","created_at":"2019-03-18T14:49:26-04:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2019","acids","adsorption","aggregation","aldehydes","amine-amine","amines","amphoterism","binary solutions","book","brain","coating","coefficient","constant","contaminated air","degradation","dielectric","diffusion","dry-cleaning","drying rate","ecotoxicological","environment","equilibrium","esters","ethers","gas chromatography","H-acid-L-acid","Hamiltonian","handbook","Hansen solubility","health","Henry constant","Hildebrand","Hook law","hydrogen","in-door","industrial","ketons","kidneys","L-acids","latex","liquid","liquid-vapor","liver","lungs","mass transfer","nervous system","new","occupational","p-additives","permeability","phenols","physico-chemical","pollution","recycling","regulations","residual solvents","rheology","solubility","solvent","solvents","spectrometer","technologies","toxic","unborn babies","volatilization","wastes","workers"],"price":29500,"price_min":29500,"price_max":29500,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":20181960851549,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Handbook of Solvents - 3rd Edition, Volume 1, Properties","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":29500,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-1895198-64-5"}],"images":["\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1555\/1853\/products\/978-1-927885-38-3.jpg?v=1552935229"],"featured_image":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1555\/1853\/products\/978-1-927885-38-3.jpg?v=1552935229","options":["Title"],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: George Wypych, Editor \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-927885-38-3 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePublished: March 2019\u003cbr\u003ePages 900+x\u003cbr\u003eFigures: 315\u003cbr\u003eTables: 130\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThe third edition contains the most recent findings and trends in the solvent application. This volume together with Vol. 2 Use, Health \u0026amp; Environment, Databook of Green Solvents, and Databook of Solvents contains the most comprehensive, and up to date information ever published on solvents. \u003cbr\u003eEach chapter in this volume is focused on a specific aspect of solvent properties which determine its selection, such as effect on properties of solutes and solutions, properties of different groups of solvents and the summary of their applications' effect on health and environment (given in tabulated form), swelling of solids in solvents, solvent diffusion and drying processes, nature of interaction of solvent and solute in solutions, acid-base interactions, effect of solvents on spectral and other electronic properties of solutions, effect of solvents on rheology of solution, aggregation of solutes, permeability, molecular structure, crystallinity, configuration, and conformation of dissolved high molecular weight compounds, methods of application of solvent mixtures to enhance the range of their applicability, and effect of solvents on chemical reactions and reactivity of dissolved substances. The detailed breakdown of the book contents is given in Table of contents.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe main emphasis in this volume is on comprehensive treatment and ease of information use. The first goal was achieved by the selection of authors who are specialists in individual areas. The second goal was achieved by targeting the intended audience, which includes readers of different specializations who need to understand solvents from various relevant views of their applications and effects. This difficult task was fully embraced by the authors, who used their knowledge to write about all the important details with the clarity of non-specialized language. This makes this book unique because it allows all those involved in the area of solvents to understand the disciplines involved in this complex, multi-disciplinary subject. The additional goal was to present a synthesis of existing data for immediate use but leaving specific data on individual solvents to the databooks containing information on presently used solvents or its database format on CD-ROM which can handle a large amount of information with ease of retrieval.\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n1 INTRODUCTION\u003cbr\u003eChristian Reichardt, Department of Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany\u003cbr\u003e2 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES GOVERNING SOLVENTS USE\u003cbr\u003e2.1 Solvent effects on chemical systems\u003cbr\u003eEstanislao Silla, Arturo Arnau and Inaki Tunon, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Burjassot (Valencia), Spain\u003cbr\u003e2.2 Molecular design of solvents\u003cbr\u003eKoichiro Nakanishi, Kurashiki Univ. Sci. \u0026amp; the Arts, Okayama, Japan\u003cbr\u003e2.3 Basic physical and chemical properties of solvents\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e3 PRODUCTION METHODS, PROPERTIES, AND MAIN APPLICATIONS\u003cbr\u003e3.1 Definitions and solvent classification\u003cbr\u003eChristian Reichardt, Philipps-Universitaet, Marburg, Germany\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e3.2 Overview of methods of solvent manufacture\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e3.3 Solvent properties\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e4 GENERAL PRINCIPLES GOVERNING DISSOLUTION OF MATERIALS IN SOLVENTS\u003cbr\u003e4.1 Simple solvent characteristics\u003cbr\u003eValery Yu. Senichev, Vasiliy V. Tereshatov, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia\u003cbr\u003e4.2 Effect of system variables on solubility\u003cbr\u003eValery Yu. Senichev, Vasiliy V. Tereshatov, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia\u003cbr\u003e4.3 Solvation dynamics: theory and experiments\u003cbr\u003eYogita Silori and Arijit K. De, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Knowledge City, India\u003cbr\u003e4.4 Methods for the measurement of solvent activity of polymer solutions\u003cbr\u003eChristian Wohlfarth, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Merseburg, Germany\u003cbr\u003e5 SOLUBILITY OF SELECTED SYSTEMS AND INFLUENCE OF SOLUTES\u003cbr\u003e5.1 Experimental methods of evaluation and calculation of solubility parameters of polymers and solvents. Solubility parameters data\u003cbr\u003eValery Yu. Senichev, Vasiliy V. Tereshatov, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia\u003cbr\u003e5.2 Prediction of solubility parameter\u003cbr\u003eNobuyuki Tanaka, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering Gunma University, Kiryu, Japan\u003cbr\u003e5.3 Methods of calculation of solubility parameters of solvents and polymers\u003cbr\u003eValery Yu. Senichev, Vasiliy V. Tereshatov, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia, \u003cbr\u003e6 SWELLING\u003cbr\u003e6.1 Modern views on kinetics of swelling of crosslinked elastomers in solvents\u003cbr\u003eE. Ya. Denisyuk, Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics; V. V. Tereshatov Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia\u003cbr\u003e6.2 Equilibrium swelling in binary solvents\u003cbr\u003eVasiliy V. Tereshatov, Valery Yu. Senichev, Institute of Technical Chemistry; E. Ya. Denisyuk, Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia\u003cbr\u003e6.3 Swelling data on crosslinked polymers in solvents\u003cbr\u003eVasiliy V. Tereshatov, Valery Yu. Senichev, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia\u003cbr\u003e6.4 Influence of structure on equilibrium swelling\u003cbr\u003eVasiliy V. Tereshatov, Valery Yu. Senichev, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia\u003cbr\u003e6.5 Effect of strain on swelling of nanostructured elastomers\u003cbr\u003eVasiliy V. Tereshatov, Valery Yu. Senichev, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia\u003cbr\u003e6.6 Effect of thermodynamic parameters of polymer-solvent system on the swelling kinetics of crosslinked elastomers\u003cbr\u003eVasiliy V. Tereshatov, Valery Yu. Senichev, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia\u003cbr\u003e7 SOLVENT TRANSPORT PHENOMENA\u003cbr\u003e7.1 Diffusion, swelling, and drying\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e7.2 Bubbles dynamics and boiling of polymeric solutions \u003cbr\u003eSemyon Levitsky, Negev Academic College of Engineering, Israel; Zinoviy Shulman, A.V. Luikov Heat and Mass Transfer Institute, Belarus\u003cbr\u003e8 MIXED SOLVENTS\u003cbr\u003e8.1 Mixed solvents\u003cbr\u003eY. Y. Fialkov, V. L. Chumak, Department of Chemistry, National Technical University of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine\u003cbr\u003e8.2 The phenomenological theory of solvent effects in mixed solvent systems\u003cbr\u003eKenneth A. Connors, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA\u003cbr\u003e9 ACID-BASE INTERACTIONS\u003cbr\u003e9.1 General concept of acid-base interactions\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e9.2 Acid-base equilibria in ionic solvents (ionic melts)\u003cbr\u003eVictor Cherginets, Tatyana Rebrova and Alexander Rebrov, Institute for Scintillation Materials, Kharkov, Ukraine\u003cbr\u003e9.3 Solvent effects based on pure solvent scales\u003cbr\u003eJavier Catalan, Departamento de Química Fisíca Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain\u003cbr\u003e9.4 Acid\/base properties of solvents mixtures\u003cbr\u003eTadeusz Michalowski, Boguslaw Pilarski, Augustin Asuero, Anna Michalowska-Kaczmarczyk, Technical University of Cracow, Cracow, Poland and University of Seville Seville, Spain\u003cbr\u003e10 ELECTRONIC AND ELECTRICAL EFFECTS OF SOLVENTS\u003cbr\u003e10.1 Solvent effects on electronic and vibrational spectra\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych\u003cbr\u003e10.2 Dielectric solvent effects on the intensity of light absorption and the radiative rate constant\u003cbr\u003eTai-ichi Shibuya\u003cbr\u003e10.3 Solvatochromic behavior\u003cbr\u003eMalgorzata Wielgus and Wojciech Bartkowiak, Wroclaw Technical University, Poland\u003cbr\u003e11 OTHER PROPERTIES OF SOLVENTS, SOLUTIONS, AND PRODUCTS OBTAINED FROM SOLUTIONS\u003cbr\u003e11.1 Rheological properties, aggregation, permeability, molecular structure, crystallinity, and other properties affected by solvents\u003cbr\u003eGeorge Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e12 EFFECT OF SOLVENTS ON CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND REACTIVITY\u003cbr\u003e12.1 Solvent effects on chemical reactivity\u003cbr\u003eWolfganG Linert, Markus Holzweber, and Roland Schmid, Technical University of Vienna, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Vienna, Austria\u003cbr\u003e12.2 Solvent effects on free radical polymerization\u003cbr\u003eMichelle L. Coote and Thomas P. Davis, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical, Engineering \u0026amp; Industrial Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"}

Handbook of Curatives ...

$285.00

{"id":2059084922973,"title":"Handbook of Curatives and Crosslinkers","handle":"handbook-of-curatives-and-crosslinkers","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: George Wypych \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-927885-47-5 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePublished Jan 2019\u003cbr\u003ePages: 258+vi\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis book contains information on additives which convert soluble monomer, prepolymer, or polymer to the insoluble polymer network popularly known as thermosetting polymer. The additives which cause these changes include crosslinkers and curatives. Both types of additives are discussed in separate chapters of the book because they substantially differ in substrates which they convert. Curatives usually react with low molecular monomers, prepolymers, or oligomers whereas crosslinkers are frequently used to convert polymers. Both sections of the book have similar structure in which effect of additives is presented, including evaluation of chemical and physical properties of curatives or crosslinkers, selection of crosslinkers and curatives for specific polymers, the mechanisms of their action, parameters of crosslinking or curing process, and their effect on the properties of the converted polymers. Crosslinker chapter contains information on 57 polymers and curative chapter on 13 polymers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is a substantial difference in application of both types of additives. Curatives are in common use in many industrial products manufactured on a large scale, such as for example adhesives, sealants, coatings, inks, explosives, propellants, or foams. They are also used in some emerging products such as optoelectronics, shape-memory applications, light-emitting diodes, liquid crystal displays, self-healing materials, etc. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCrosslinkers are also used in the typical industrial processing methods including encapsulation of solar cells, vulcanization, adhesives, foams, roofing, etc. But their strength and future are more focused on emerging applications such as drug release, artificial muscles in microdevices, autonomous shape-memory actuators, hygienic textiles, membranes, scaffolds, recycling, sensors, tissue adhesives or wound dressing, just to mention some.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoth groups of additives are very important in industrial application and we are hoping that this volume will find broad readership, especially considering that it is the first book ever published on this subject in English literature.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReaders of this book may find interesting that \u003cstrong\u003eDatabook of Curatives and Crosslinkers\u003c\/strong\u003e is published at the same time to provide information on both commercial and generic chemical products used as curatives and crosslinkers. The two books offer comprehensive information on the subject not found in any other source.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe table of contents includes details of coverage.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents \u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e1 Introduction\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2 Crosslinkers\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e2.1 Chemical Composition and Properties\u003cbr\u003e2.2 Polymers and Their Crosslinkers\u003cbr\u003e2.2.1 Acrylamide\u003cbr\u003e2.2.2 Acrylics\u003cbr\u003e2.2.3 Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, NBR\u003cbr\u003e2.2.4 Agar\u003cbr\u003e2.2.5 Alkyd resin\u003cbr\u003e2.2.6 Biopolymers\u003cbr\u003e2.2.7 Bromobutyl rubber\u003cbr\u003e2.2.8 Butyl rubber\u003cbr\u003e2.2.9 Cellulose acetate butyrate\u003cbr\u003e2.2.10 Cellulose acetate propionate\u003cbr\u003e2.2.11 Chitosan\u003cbr\u003e2.2.12 Chlorinated polyethylene\u003cbr\u003e2.2.13 Chloroprene\u003cbr\u003e2.2.14 Cyanoacrylate\u003cbr\u003e2.2.15 Epoxidized natural rubber\u003cbr\u003e2.2.16 Ethylene-propylene diene terpolymer, EPDM\u003cbr\u003e2.2.17 Epoxy resin\u003cbr\u003e2.2.18 Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer\u003cbr\u003e2.2.19 Fluoroelastomer\u003cbr\u003e2.2.20 Gelatin\u003cbr\u003e2.2.21 Guar gum\u003cbr\u003e2.2.22 Hydrogenated nitrile rubber\u003cbr\u003e2.2.23 Hyperbranched polymer\u003cbr\u003e2.2.24 N-isopropylacrylamide\u003cbr\u003e2.2.25 Liquid crystalline elastomers \u003cbr\u003e2.2.26 Natural rubber\u003cbr\u003e2.2.27 Phenolic resin \u003cbr\u003e2.2.28 Poly(2-oxazoline)\u003cbr\u003e2.2.29 Polyamide\u003cbr\u003e2.2.30 Polybenzimidazole\u003cbr\u003e2.2.31 Poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene fumarate)\u003cbr\u003e2.2.32 Poly(butylene terephthalate)\u003cbr\u003e2.2.33 Polycaprolactone\u003cbr\u003e2.2.34 Polycarbonate\u003cbr\u003e2.2.35 Polydimethylsiloxane\u003cbr\u003e2.2.36 Polyetheretherketone\u003cbr\u003e2.2.37 Polyetherketoneketone\u003cbr\u003e2.2.38 Polyetherimide\u003cbr\u003e2.2.39 Polyethylene\u003cbr\u003e2.2.40 Poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)\u003cbr\u003e2.2.41 Polyimide\u003cbr\u003e2.2.42 Polymethylmethacrylate\u003cbr\u003e2.2.43 Poly(methylmethacrylate-co-hydroxyethyl acrylate)\u003cbr\u003e2.2.44 Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)\u003cbr\u003e2.2.45 Poly(phenylene sulfide)\u003cbr\u003e2.2.46 Polypropylene\u003cbr\u003e2.2.47 Polystyrene\u003cbr\u003e2.2.48 Polystyrene-co-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)\u003cbr\u003e2.2.49 Poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate)\u003cbr\u003e2.2.50 Polysulfone\u003cbr\u003e2.2.51 Polyurethane\u003cbr\u003e2.2.52 Polyvinylalcohol\u003cbr\u003e2.2.53 Protein\u003cbr\u003e2.2.54 Silicone rubber\u003cbr\u003e2.2.55 Styrene-butadiene rubber\u003cbr\u003e2.2.56 Sulfonated polyetheretherketone\u003cbr\u003e2.2.57 Sulfonated polysulfone 106\u003cbr\u003e2.3 Parameters of Crosslinking\u003cbr\u003e2.3.1 Activation energy\u003cbr\u003e2.3.2 Concentration of crosslinker \u003cbr\u003e2.3.3 Conversion degree\u003cbr\u003e2.3.4 Glass transition temperature\u003cbr\u003e2.3.5 Melting temperature\u003cbr\u003e2.3.6 Radiation dose\u003cbr\u003e2.3.7 Temperature\u003cbr\u003e2.3.8 Thickness of a part \u003cbr\u003e2.3.9 Time\u003cbr\u003e2.3.10 Viscosity\u003cbr\u003e2.4 Effect of Crosslinkers on Properties\u003cbr\u003e2.4.1 Adhesion\u003cbr\u003e2.4.2 Antibacterial properties\u003cbr\u003e2.4.3 Biocompatibility\u003cbr\u003e2.4.4 Cell size\u003cbr\u003e2.4.5 Compression set \u003cbr\u003e2.4.6 Compressive strength\u003cbr\u003e2.4.7 Contact angle and surface energy\u003cbr\u003e2.4.8 Crosslink density\u003cbr\u003e2.4.9 Crosslinking kinetics\u003cbr\u003e2.4.10 Crystallization temperature\u003cbr\u003e2.4.11 Crystalline structure\u003cbr\u003e2.4.12 Crystallinity\u003cbr\u003e2.4.13 Cytotoxicity\u003cbr\u003e2.4.14 Foam morphology\u003cbr\u003e2.4.15 Friction\u003cbr\u003e2.4.16 Gel content\u003cbr\u003e2.4.17 Grafting\u003cbr\u003e2.4.18 Hardness\u003cbr\u003e2.4.19 Hydrophilicity\u003cbr\u003e2.4.20 Impact strength\u003cbr\u003e2.4.21 Miscibility\u003cbr\u003e2.4.22 Molecular weight\u003cbr\u003e2.4.23 Morphology\u003cbr\u003e2.4.24 Photo and thermal actuation\u003cbr\u003e2.4.25 Recycling\u003cbr\u003e2.4.26 Swelling\u003cbr\u003e2.4.27 Tear strength\u003cbr\u003e2.4.28 Tensile strength\u003cbr\u003e2.4.29 Thermal conductivity\u003cbr\u003e2.4.30 Thermal stability\u003cbr\u003e2.4.31 Vulcanization rate\u003cbr\u003e2.4.32 Water uptake\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3 Curatives\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e3.1 Chemical Composition and Properties\u003cbr\u003e3.2 Polymers and Their Curatives\u003cbr\u003e3.2.1 Acrylics\u003cbr\u003e3.2.2 Alginates\u003cbr\u003e3.2.3 Bromobutyl rubber\u003cbr\u003e3.2.4 Cyanate resin\u003cbr\u003e3.2.5 Epoxy resins\u003cbr\u003e3.2.6 Epoxy-novolac\u003cbr\u003e3.2.7 Hydroxyl terminated azido polymer\u003cbr\u003e3.2.8 Nonisocyanate polyhydroxyurethane\u003cbr\u003e3.2.9 Phthalonitrile resin\u003cbr\u003e3.2.10 Polyimide\u003cbr\u003e3.2.11 Polysiloxane\u003cbr\u003e3.2.12 Polyurethane\u003cbr\u003e3.2.13 Resorcinol\u003cbr\u003e3.3 Parameters of Curing\u003cbr\u003e3.3.1 Activation energy\u003cbr\u003e3.3.2 Component ratio\u003cbr\u003e3.3.3 Conversion degree\u003cbr\u003e3.3.4 Glass transition temperature\u003cbr\u003e3.3.5 Melting point\u003cbr\u003e3.3.6 Temperature\u003cbr\u003e3.3.7 Thickness\u003cbr\u003e3.3.8 Time\u003cbr\u003e3.3.9 Viscosity\u003cbr\u003e3.4 Effect of Curatives on Properties\u003cbr\u003e3.4.1 Acid rain\u003cbr\u003e3.4.2 Adhesion\u003cbr\u003e3.4.3 Cell morphology\u003cbr\u003e3.4.4 Diffusion\u003cbr\u003e3.4.5 Electrical resistivity\u003cbr\u003e3.4.6 Flame retardancy\u003cbr\u003e3.4.7 Flexibility\u003cbr\u003e3.4.8 Flexural strength\u003cbr\u003e3.4.9 Fracture5\u003cbr\u003e3.4.10 Gel fraction and time\u003cbr\u003e3.4.11 Glass transition temperature\u003cbr\u003e3.4.12 Healing\u003cbr\u003e3.4.13 Impact strength\u003cbr\u003e3.4.14 Morphology\u003cbr\u003e3.4.15 Optical properties\u003cbr\u003e3.4.16 Reaction order and rate\u003cbr\u003e3.4.17 Shape memory\u003cbr\u003e3.4.18 Storage stability\u003cbr\u003e3.4.19 Stress relaxation\u003cbr\u003e3.4.20 Tensile strength\u003cbr\u003e3.4.21 Thermal conductivity\u003cbr\u003e3.4.22 Thermal stability\u003cbr\u003e3.4.23 Toughness\u003cbr\u003e3.4.24 Transparency\u003cbr\u003e3.4.25 Wettability\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndex\u003c\/strong\u003e","published_at":"2019-03-18T15:00:00-04:00","created_at":"2019-03-18T14:35:57-04:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2019","book","new"],"price":28500,"price_min":28500,"price_max":28500,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":20181893152861,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Handbook of Curatives and Crosslinkers","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":28500,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-1-927885-47-5"}],"images":["\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1555\/1853\/products\/978-1-927885-47-5.jpg?v=1552934503"],"featured_image":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1555\/1853\/products\/978-1-927885-47-5.jpg?v=1552934503","options":["Title"],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: George Wypych \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-927885-47-5 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePublished Jan 2019\u003cbr\u003ePages: 258+vi\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis book contains information on additives which convert soluble monomer, prepolymer, or polymer to the insoluble polymer network popularly known as thermosetting polymer. The additives which cause these changes include crosslinkers and curatives. Both types of additives are discussed in separate chapters of the book because they substantially differ in substrates which they convert. Curatives usually react with low molecular monomers, prepolymers, or oligomers whereas crosslinkers are frequently used to convert polymers. Both sections of the book have similar structure in which effect of additives is presented, including evaluation of chemical and physical properties of curatives or crosslinkers, selection of crosslinkers and curatives for specific polymers, the mechanisms of their action, parameters of crosslinking or curing process, and their effect on the properties of the converted polymers. Crosslinker chapter contains information on 57 polymers and curative chapter on 13 polymers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is a substantial difference in application of both types of additives. Curatives are in common use in many industrial products manufactured on a large scale, such as for example adhesives, sealants, coatings, inks, explosives, propellants, or foams. They are also used in some emerging products such as optoelectronics, shape-memory applications, light-emitting diodes, liquid crystal displays, self-healing materials, etc. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCrosslinkers are also used in the typical industrial processing methods including encapsulation of solar cells, vulcanization, adhesives, foams, roofing, etc. But their strength and future are more focused on emerging applications such as drug release, artificial muscles in microdevices, autonomous shape-memory actuators, hygienic textiles, membranes, scaffolds, recycling, sensors, tissue adhesives or wound dressing, just to mention some.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoth groups of additives are very important in industrial application and we are hoping that this volume will find broad readership, especially considering that it is the first book ever published on this subject in English literature.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReaders of this book may find interesting that \u003cstrong\u003eDatabook of Curatives and Crosslinkers\u003c\/strong\u003e is published at the same time to provide information on both commercial and generic chemical products used as curatives and crosslinkers. The two books offer comprehensive information on the subject not found in any other source.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe table of contents includes details of coverage.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents \u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e1 Introduction\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2 Crosslinkers\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e2.1 Chemical Composition and Properties\u003cbr\u003e2.2 Polymers and Their Crosslinkers\u003cbr\u003e2.2.1 Acrylamide\u003cbr\u003e2.2.2 Acrylics\u003cbr\u003e2.2.3 Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, NBR\u003cbr\u003e2.2.4 Agar\u003cbr\u003e2.2.5 Alkyd resin\u003cbr\u003e2.2.6 Biopolymers\u003cbr\u003e2.2.7 Bromobutyl rubber\u003cbr\u003e2.2.8 Butyl rubber\u003cbr\u003e2.2.9 Cellulose acetate butyrate\u003cbr\u003e2.2.10 Cellulose acetate propionate\u003cbr\u003e2.2.11 Chitosan\u003cbr\u003e2.2.12 Chlorinated polyethylene\u003cbr\u003e2.2.13 Chloroprene\u003cbr\u003e2.2.14 Cyanoacrylate\u003cbr\u003e2.2.15 Epoxidized natural rubber\u003cbr\u003e2.2.16 Ethylene-propylene diene terpolymer, EPDM\u003cbr\u003e2.2.17 Epoxy resin\u003cbr\u003e2.2.18 Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer\u003cbr\u003e2.2.19 Fluoroelastomer\u003cbr\u003e2.2.20 Gelatin\u003cbr\u003e2.2.21 Guar gum\u003cbr\u003e2.2.22 Hydrogenated nitrile rubber\u003cbr\u003e2.2.23 Hyperbranched polymer\u003cbr\u003e2.2.24 N-isopropylacrylamide\u003cbr\u003e2.2.25 Liquid crystalline elastomers \u003cbr\u003e2.2.26 Natural rubber\u003cbr\u003e2.2.27 Phenolic resin \u003cbr\u003e2.2.28 Poly(2-oxazoline)\u003cbr\u003e2.2.29 Polyamide\u003cbr\u003e2.2.30 Polybenzimidazole\u003cbr\u003e2.2.31 Poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene fumarate)\u003cbr\u003e2.2.32 Poly(butylene terephthalate)\u003cbr\u003e2.2.33 Polycaprolactone\u003cbr\u003e2.2.34 Polycarbonate\u003cbr\u003e2.2.35 Polydimethylsiloxane\u003cbr\u003e2.2.36 Polyetheretherketone\u003cbr\u003e2.2.37 Polyetherketoneketone\u003cbr\u003e2.2.38 Polyetherimide\u003cbr\u003e2.2.39 Polyethylene\u003cbr\u003e2.2.40 Poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)\u003cbr\u003e2.2.41 Polyimide\u003cbr\u003e2.2.42 Polymethylmethacrylate\u003cbr\u003e2.2.43 Poly(methylmethacrylate-co-hydroxyethyl acrylate)\u003cbr\u003e2.2.44 Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)\u003cbr\u003e2.2.45 Poly(phenylene sulfide)\u003cbr\u003e2.2.46 Polypropylene\u003cbr\u003e2.2.47 Polystyrene\u003cbr\u003e2.2.48 Polystyrene-co-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)\u003cbr\u003e2.2.49 Poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate)\u003cbr\u003e2.2.50 Polysulfone\u003cbr\u003e2.2.51 Polyurethane\u003cbr\u003e2.2.52 Polyvinylalcohol\u003cbr\u003e2.2.53 Protein\u003cbr\u003e2.2.54 Silicone rubber\u003cbr\u003e2.2.55 Styrene-butadiene rubber\u003cbr\u003e2.2.56 Sulfonated polyetheretherketone\u003cbr\u003e2.2.57 Sulfonated polysulfone 106\u003cbr\u003e2.3 Parameters of Crosslinking\u003cbr\u003e2.3.1 Activation energy\u003cbr\u003e2.3.2 Concentration of crosslinker \u003cbr\u003e2.3.3 Conversion degree\u003cbr\u003e2.3.4 Glass transition temperature\u003cbr\u003e2.3.5 Melting temperature\u003cbr\u003e2.3.6 Radiation dose\u003cbr\u003e2.3.7 Temperature\u003cbr\u003e2.3.8 Thickness of a part \u003cbr\u003e2.3.9 Time\u003cbr\u003e2.3.10 Viscosity\u003cbr\u003e2.4 Effect of Crosslinkers on Properties\u003cbr\u003e2.4.1 Adhesion\u003cbr\u003e2.4.2 Antibacterial properties\u003cbr\u003e2.4.3 Biocompatibility\u003cbr\u003e2.4.4 Cell size\u003cbr\u003e2.4.5 Compression set \u003cbr\u003e2.4.6 Compressive strength\u003cbr\u003e2.4.7 Contact angle and surface energy\u003cbr\u003e2.4.8 Crosslink density\u003cbr\u003e2.4.9 Crosslinking kinetics\u003cbr\u003e2.4.10 Crystallization temperature\u003cbr\u003e2.4.11 Crystalline structure\u003cbr\u003e2.4.12 Crystallinity\u003cbr\u003e2.4.13 Cytotoxicity\u003cbr\u003e2.4.14 Foam morphology\u003cbr\u003e2.4.15 Friction\u003cbr\u003e2.4.16 Gel content\u003cbr\u003e2.4.17 Grafting\u003cbr\u003e2.4.18 Hardness\u003cbr\u003e2.4.19 Hydrophilicity\u003cbr\u003e2.4.20 Impact strength\u003cbr\u003e2.4.21 Miscibility\u003cbr\u003e2.4.22 Molecular weight\u003cbr\u003e2.4.23 Morphology\u003cbr\u003e2.4.24 Photo and thermal actuation\u003cbr\u003e2.4.25 Recycling\u003cbr\u003e2.4.26 Swelling\u003cbr\u003e2.4.27 Tear strength\u003cbr\u003e2.4.28 Tensile strength\u003cbr\u003e2.4.29 Thermal conductivity\u003cbr\u003e2.4.30 Thermal stability\u003cbr\u003e2.4.31 Vulcanization rate\u003cbr\u003e2.4.32 Water uptake\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3 Curatives\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e3.1 Chemical Composition and Properties\u003cbr\u003e3.2 Polymers and Their Curatives\u003cbr\u003e3.2.1 Acrylics\u003cbr\u003e3.2.2 Alginates\u003cbr\u003e3.2.3 Bromobutyl rubber\u003cbr\u003e3.2.4 Cyanate resin\u003cbr\u003e3.2.5 Epoxy resins\u003cbr\u003e3.2.6 Epoxy-novolac\u003cbr\u003e3.2.7 Hydroxyl terminated azido polymer\u003cbr\u003e3.2.8 Nonisocyanate polyhydroxyurethane\u003cbr\u003e3.2.9 Phthalonitrile resin\u003cbr\u003e3.2.10 Polyimide\u003cbr\u003e3.2.11 Polysiloxane\u003cbr\u003e3.2.12 Polyurethane\u003cbr\u003e3.2.13 Resorcinol\u003cbr\u003e3.3 Parameters of Curing\u003cbr\u003e3.3.1 Activation energy\u003cbr\u003e3.3.2 Component ratio\u003cbr\u003e3.3.3 Conversion degree\u003cbr\u003e3.3.4 Glass transition temperature\u003cbr\u003e3.3.5 Melting point\u003cbr\u003e3.3.6 Temperature\u003cbr\u003e3.3.7 Thickness\u003cbr\u003e3.3.8 Time\u003cbr\u003e3.3.9 Viscosity\u003cbr\u003e3.4 Effect of Curatives on Properties\u003cbr\u003e3.4.1 Acid rain\u003cbr\u003e3.4.2 Adhesion\u003cbr\u003e3.4.3 Cell morphology\u003cbr\u003e3.4.4 Diffusion\u003cbr\u003e3.4.5 Electrical resistivity\u003cbr\u003e3.4.6 Flame retardancy\u003cbr\u003e3.4.7 Flexibility\u003cbr\u003e3.4.8 Flexural strength\u003cbr\u003e3.4.9 Fracture5\u003cbr\u003e3.4.10 Gel fraction and time\u003cbr\u003e3.4.11 Glass transition temperature\u003cbr\u003e3.4.12 Healing\u003cbr\u003e3.4.13 Impact strength\u003cbr\u003e3.4.14 Morphology\u003cbr\u003e3.4.15 Optical properties\u003cbr\u003e3.4.16 Reaction order and rate\u003cbr\u003e3.4.17 Shape memory\u003cbr\u003e3.4.18 Storage stability\u003cbr\u003e3.4.19 Stress relaxation\u003cbr\u003e3.4.20 Tensile strength\u003cbr\u003e3.4.21 Thermal conductivity\u003cbr\u003e3.4.22 Thermal stability\u003cbr\u003e3.4.23 Toughness\u003cbr\u003e3.4.24 Transparency\u003cbr\u003e3.4.25 Wettability\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndex\u003c\/strong\u003e"}