Handbook of Material Weathering 7th Edition
Author: George Wypych
ISBN 978-1-77467-058-3
Published: Jan 2025
Pages: 1024+x
Figures: 830
Tables: 66
The 7th edition of the Handbook of Material Weathering is a comprehensive and systematic update of knowledge related to material weathering. It has been continuously revised and expanded to include the most recent advancements and discoveries in the field. The update is crucial because the field of material weathering has been evolving rapidly, with a substantial increase in research output in recent times.
Some key highlights of the 7th edition are:
Extensive Research: Over the last 35 years since the 1st edition, there has been a substantial increase in research in material weathering. Recently, more than 2000 new papers have been published yearly on polymer weathering, amounting to an average of about 40 new papers per week. This reflects the growing interest and importance of weathering studies in various industries and scientific communities
Expanding Knowledge: The rapidly growing information required for professional use in material weathering has led to the need for additional books to accommodate essential knowledge. This indicates the increasing complexity and depth of research in the field and the need to address new challenges and applications. This is addressed by two new books that are published this year in addition to the Handbook of Material Weathering, each concentrating on a separate, significant subject: Weathering. Testing Manual that concentrates on standardized and emerging test methods and Encyclopedia of Polymer Degradation that departs from the classical treatment of weathering towards chemistry-based protection of environmental impact of waste-generating, degrading materials.
Chapters and Topics: The 7th edition of the Handbook contains 22 chapters that cover various aspects of material weathering. These chapters can be categorized into groups, such as theory (photophysics and photochemistry), stress factors (parameters of exposure, measurements, and climatic conditions), methods of weathering (laboratory degradation studies, sample preparation, etc.), and specific topics like weathering of polymers and products, the effect of additives, UV stabilizers, environmental stress cracking, and more. The table of contents below contains more details.
Global Reach: The Handbook of Material Weathering is utilized in more than 100 countries, emphasizing its importance and relevance on an international scale. The book is valuable for research chemists, material scientists, manufacturers, quality controllers, and students seeking to apply their knowledge to real-world materials.
Timely Updates: Access to the most recent information in the field is crucial, as older editions might contain outdated information or need more current advancements. Therefore, a new edition is prepared to ensure that readers have access to the most up-to-date and relevant information.
Overall, the Handbook of Material Weathering is a valuable resource for professionals and researchers involved in material science, photochemistry, and related fields. It helps bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical applications, aiding in developing durable and weather-resistant materials and products.
Preface
1 Photophysics
1.1 Nature of radiation
1.2 Absorption of radiation by materials
1.3 Fate and utilization of absorbed energy
1.4 Radiative processes involving dimers
1.5 Modeling and photophysical data
2 Photochemistry
2.1 Typical routes of photochemical reactions
2.2 Photochemical reactivity and quantum yield
2.3 Excitation of excited state
2.4 Parameters of photochemical reactions
2.5 Quenchers and photosensitizers
3 Parameters of Exposure
3.1 Radiation
3.2 Temperature
3.3 Water
3.4 Atmosphere composition
3.5 Pollutants
3.6 Biological substances
3.7 Water pollutants
3.8 Stress
3.9 Cooperative action of different parameters
4 Measurements in Assessment of Weathering Conditions
4.1 Radiation
4.2 Sunshine duration
4.3 Temperature
4.4 Relative humidity
4.5 Time of wetness
4.6 Rain
4.7 Pollutants
5 Climatic Conditions
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Radiation
5.3 Sunshine duration
5.4 Temperature
5.5 Precipitation
5.6 Relative humidity
5.7 Wetness time
5.8 Pollutants
5.9 Surface soiling
6 Methods of Outdoor Exposure
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Climatic conditions and degradation rate
6.3 Variability of weather conditions and its impact on the strategy in outdoor exposures
6.4 Influence of specimen properties
6.5 Typical methods of outdoor exposure
6.6 Other parameters of exposure
6.7 Relevant Standards
7 Laboratory Degradation Studies
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Light sources
7.3 Filters
7.4 Radiation: delivery, monitoring, and control
7.5 Temperature control
7.6 Humidity control
7.7 Specimen spraying
7.8 Specimen racks and holders
7.9 Weathering equipment
7.10 Correlation between different devices
7.11 Pollutants
7.12 Precision of studies
8 Weathering Cycles
9 Sample Preparation
10 Weathering Data Interpretation. Lifetime Prediction
11 Artificial Weathering Versus Natural Exposure
12 Effect of Weathering on Material Properties
12.1 Mass loss
12.2 Depth of degradation
12.3 Mechanical properties
12.4 Changes in color and optical properties
12.5 Surface changes
12.6 Molecular weight
12.7 Chemical composition of surface and bulk
12.8 Morphology and structure of surface layers
12.9 Glass transition temperature
12.10 Self-healing
13 Testing Methods of Weathered Specimen
13.1 Visual evaluation
13.2 Microscopy
13.3 Imaging techniques
13.4 Gloss
13.5 Color changes
13.6 Visible Spectrophotometry
13.7 UV spectrophotometry
13.8 Infrared spectrophotometry
13.9 Near-infrared spectroscopy
13.10 Raman spectroscopy
13.11 Nuclear magnetic resonance
13.12 Electron spin resonance
13.13 Mass spectrometry
13.14 Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy
13.15 Chemiluminescence, fluorescence, and phosphorescence
13.16 Atomic absorption spectroscopy
13.17 WAXS and SAXS
13.18 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS
13.19 X-ray microtomography
13.20 Mass change
13.21 Density
13.22 Contact angle
13.23 Diffusion of gasses and water transport in polymers
13.24 Electrical properties
13.25 Ultrasonic measurements
13.26 Thermal analysis
13.27 Rheological properties of materials
13.28 Other physical parameters
13.29 Tensile strength
13.30 Elongation
13.31 Flexural strength
13.32 Impact strength
13.33 Creep and constant strain tests
13.34 Residual stress
13.35 Scratch and mar resistance
13.36 Other mechanical properties
13.37 Surface roughness
13.38 Molecular weight
13.39 Gas and liquid chromatography
13.40 Titrimetry
13.41 Dehydrochlorination rate
13.42 Gel fraction
13.43 Oxygen uptake
13.44 Water absorption, porosity
13.45 Microorganism growth test
13.46 Environmental stress cracking resistance
14 Data on Specific Polymers
14.1 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, ABS
14.2 Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate, ASA
14.3 Alkyd resins
14.4 Acrylic resins
14.5 Cellulose
14.6 Chitosan
14.7 Epoxy resins
14.8 Ethylene-propylene rubber, EPR
14.9 Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, EVAc
14.10 Ethylene propylene diene monomer, EPDM
14.11 Fluoropolymers
14.12 Melamine resins
14.13 Phenoxy resins
14.14 Polyacrylamide
14.15 Polyacrylonitrile
14.16 Polyamides
14.17 Polyaniline
14.18 Polycarbonates
14.19 Polyesters
14.20 Polyethylene
14.21 Polyethylene, chlorinated
14.22 Poly(ethylene glycol)
14.23 Polyfluorene
14.24 Polyimides
14.25 Poly(lactic acid)
14.26 Polymethylmethacrylate
14.27 Polyoxyethylene
14.28 Polyoxymethylene
14.29 Poly(phenylene oxide)
14.30 Poly(phenylene sulfide)
14.31 Poly(-phenylene terephthalamide)
14.32 Poly(-phenylene vinylene)
14.33 Polypropylene
14.34 Polystyrenes
14.35 Polysulfones
14.36 Polytetrafluoroethylene
14.37 Polythiophene
14.38 Polyurethanes
14.39 Poly(vinyl alcohol)
14.40 Polyvinylchloride
14.41 Poly(vinylidene fluoride)
14.42 Poly(vinyl methyl ether)
14.43 Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer
14.44 Silicones
14.45 Polymer blends
14.46 Rubbers
15 Effect of Additives on Weathering
15.1 Fillers and reinforcing fibers
15.2 Pigments
15.3 Plasticizers
15.4 Solvents and diluents
15.5 Flame retardants
15.6 Impact modifiers
15.7 Thermal stabilizers
15.8 Antioxidants
15.9 Antimicrobial additives
15.10 Curatives, crosslinkers, initiators
15.11 Catalysts
15.12 Compatibilizer
15.12 Impurities
15.13 Summary
16 Weathering of Compounded Products
16.1 Adhesives
16.2 Aerospace
16.3 Agriculture
16.4 Appliances
16.5 Automotive parts
16.6 Automotive coatings
16.7 Coated fabrics
16.8 Coil-coated materials
16.9 Composites
16.10 Concrete
16.11 Conservation
16.12 Construction materials
16.13 Cosmetics
16.14 Dental materials
16.15 Electronics and electrical materials
16.16 Environmental pollutants
16.17 Foams
16.18 Food
16.19 Gel coats
16.20 Geosynthetics
16.21 Glass and glazing materials
16.22 Greenhouse film
16.23 Hair
16.24 Laminates
16.25 Medical equipment and supplies
16.26 Military applications
16.27 Molded materials
16.28 Packaging materials
16.29 Paints and coatings
16.30 Pavements
16.31 Pharmaceutical products
16.32 Pipes and tubing
16.33 Pulp and paper
16.34 Roofing materials
16.35 Sealants
16.36 Sheet
16.37 Siding
16.38 Solar cells and collectors
16.39 Textiles
16.40 Windows
16.41 Wire and cable
16.42 Wood
17 Stabilization and Stabilizers
17.1 Limiting the incoming radiation
17.2 Deactivation of excited states and free radicals
17.3 Elimination of singlet oxygen, peroxide decomposition, and limiting oxidative changes
17.4 Defect removal
17.5 Stability of UV stabilizers
17.6 Distribution of UV absorber
17.7 Stabilizer entrapment and interaction
17.8 Protective coatings
17.9 Examples of stabilization technology
18 Biodegradation
18.1 Biodegradation environment
18.2 Enzymatic reactions
18.3 Biodegradation of materials
18.4 Biocides
18.5 Methods of testing
18.6 Controlled biodegradation
19 Recycling
19.1 Effect of degradation on recycling
19.2 Re-stabilization of material for recycling
19.3 Multilayer materials
19.4 Removable paint
19.5 Chemical recycling
20 Environmental Stress Cracking
20.1 Definitions
20.2 Parameters controlling ESC
20.3 Mechanisms of environmental stress cracking
20.4 Kinetics of environmental stress cracking
20.5 Effect of ESC on material durability
20.6 Methods of testing
21 Interrelation Between Corrosion and Weathering
22 Weathering of Stones
Index
George Wypych has PhD Eng. The professional expertise includes university teaching (full professor) and research & development (university and corporate). He has published 48 books (PVC Plastisols, Wroclaw University Press; Polyvinylchloride Degradation, Elsevier; Polyvinylchloride Stabilization, Elsevier; Polymer Modified Textile Materials, Wiley & Sons; Handbook of Material Weathering, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th Edition, ChemTec Publishing; Handbook of Fillers, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Edition, ChemTec Publishing; Recycling of PVC, ChemTec Publishing; Weathering of Plastics. Testing to Mirror Real Life Performance, Plastics Design Library, Handbook of Solvents, Vol. 1. Properties 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Solvents, Vol. 2. Health & Environment 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Plasticizers, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Antistatics, 1st and 2nd Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Antistatics, 1st and 2nd Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Antiblocking, Release and Slip Additives, 1st , 2nd and 3rd Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Industrial Solvents in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (two editions), John Wiley & Sons, PVC Degradation & Stabilization, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Editions, ChemTec Publishing, The PVC Formulary, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Material Biodegradation, Biodeterioration, and Biostabilization, 1st and 2nd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of UV Degradation and Stabilization, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Polymers, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Atlas of Material Damage, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Odors in Plastic Materials, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Solvents (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Blowing and Auxiliary Agents, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Foaming and Blowing Agents (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Green Solvents, ChemTec Publishing (two editions), Self-healing Products (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Adhesion Promoters (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Surface Modification Additives (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Surface Improvement and Modification (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Graphene – Important Results and Applications, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Curatives and Crosslinkers, ChemTec Publishing, Chain Mobility and Progress in Medicine, Pharmaceutical, Polymer Science and Technology, Impact of Award, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Antioxidants, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Antioxidants, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of UV Stabilizers (two Editions), ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Flame Retardants, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Nucleating Agents, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Flame Retardants, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Nucleating Agents, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Polymers in Electronics, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Impact Modifiers, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Rheological Additives, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Impact Modifiers, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Rheological Additives, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Polymer Processing Additives, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Polymer Processing Additives, ChemTec Publishing, Functional Fillers (two editions), 2 databases (Solvents Database, 1st, 2nd, 3rd Edition and Database of Antistatics 1st and 2nd Edition, both by ChemTec Publishing), and 42 scientific papers and obtained 16 patents. He specializes in PVC, polymer additives, material durability, and the development of sealants and coatings. He was included in the Dictionary of International Biography, Who's Who in Plastics and Polymers, and Who's Who in Engineering, and was selected International Man of the Year 1996-1997 in recognition of services to education.
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