Silicone Elastomers 2008

Author: Rapra conference proceedings
ISBN 978-1-84375-069-5

Published: 2008

$140.00

Summary
Table of Contents

Silicone Elastomers 2008 brought together major material manufacturers, such as Dow Corning, Wacker Chemie, Momentive Performance Materials and Bluestar Silicones, looking at market trends and new developments in materials such as LSR and liquid fluorosilicone rubber.

SESSION 1: MARKET TRENDS FOR SILICONE ELASTOMERS

SESSION 2: LIQUID SILICONE RUBBER

SESSION 3: APPLICATIONS FOR SILICONE ELASTOMERS

SESSION 4: TESTING SILICONE ELASTOMERS

SESSION 5: FILLERS FOR SILICONE ELASTOMERS

SESSION 6: CROSSLINKING SILICONE ELASTOMERS

SESSION 7: PROCESSING SILICONE ELASTOMERS

SESSION 8: INJECTION MOULDING LIQUID SILICONE RUBBER

SESSION 1: MARKET TRENDS FOR SILICONE ELASTOMERS

Paper 1 Global expansion for the silicone rubber market

Dr. Hans Peter Wolf, Dow Corning GmbH, Germany

SESSION 2: LIQUID SILICONE RUBBER
Marco Pagliani, Dow Corning SpA, Italy & Fabien Virlogeux, Dow Corning France SAS

Paper 2 Liquid silicone rubber, the material of your choice

Paper 3 Real fluorosilicones combined with LSR processing: new product family FFSL
Oliver Franssen & Dr. Stephan Bosshammer, Momentive Performance Materials GmbH, Germany

SESSION 3: APPLICATIONS FOR SILICONE ELASTOMERS
Andre Colas, Dow Corning SA, Belgium

Paper 4 Silicone elastomers in medical applications

Paper 5 Adding colour to medical devices using pigment masterbatches
Patrick Peignot & Stephen Brunerm NuSil Technology Europe, France

Paper 6 Silicone elastomers for outdoor electrical power transmission and distribution applications
Dr. Hans-Jrg Winter, Wacker Chemie AG, Germany

Paper 7 Corpo Fibre Reinforcement for Elastomer Applications
Siebe Nooij, Coen Ten Herkel & Soren Blomaard, Taniq BV, The Netherlands

SESSION 4: TESTING SILICONE ELASTOMERS
Laurent Perier & Arnaud Favier, DMA Products and Consulting, 01dB-Metravib, France

Paper 8 A single testing instrument with multiple testing capabilities for silicone elastomers

SESSION 5: FILLERS FOR SILICONE ELASTOMERS
Michael Claes & Daniel Bonduel, Nanocyl SA, Belgium & Philippe Dubois, Universit of Mons-Hainaut, Belgium

Paper 9 Carbon nanotubes/silicone elastomer nanocomposites: multi-fuctional and high-performance products; review and trends of their applications

Paper 10 Structure modified fumed silica-a clear solution for silicone rubber
Dr Mario Scholz, Evonik Degussa GmbH, Germany

Paper 11 Improvements in reinforcement with diatomaceous earth in silicone systems
Julian Danvers, World Minerals, UK

SESSION 6: CROSSLINKING SILICONE ELASTOMERS
Leo Nijhof, Akzo Nobel Polymer Chemicals BV, The Netherlands

Paper 12 Peroxide curing of silicone elastomers

Paper 13 Crosslinking in PDMS particulate composites
Dr. Catarina Esteves, Dr. J Brokken-Zijp, Dr. J Laven & Dr. G de With, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, The Netherlands

SESSION 7: PROCESSING SILICONE ELASTOMERS
Ubaldo Colombo, Colmec SpA, Italy

Paper 14 Silicone mixing and extrusion processing

Paper 15 Carbon dioxide: good news for silicone rubber
Thomas Christensen, Nanon A/S, Denmark

Paper 16 Silicone composites
Dr. Jrgen Weidinger & Dr. Jrgen Ismeier, Wacker Chemie AG, Germany

Paper 17 Bonding silicone elastomers
Aissa Benarous, Chemical Innovations Ltd, UK

Paper 18 Bubbling modelization, a help for the development of low density RTV foams
Dr. Delphine Blanc, Bluestar silicones, France

SESSION 8: INJECTION MOULDING LIQUID SILICONE RUBBER
Prof Dr-Ing Dr-Ing Eh W Michaeli & Dipl-Ing Kai Openwinkel &, IKV Aachenm Germany

Paper 19 Physical foaming of liquid silicone rubber in the injection moulding process

Paper 20 High-quality LSR moulding
Kurt Manigatter, Elmet GmbH, Austria

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PVC Formulary

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{"id":4534955769949,"title":"PVC Formulary","handle":"pvc-formulary","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: George Wypych\u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-927885-63-5 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublication date: \u003c\/span\u003e January 2020\u003cbr\u003eThird edition\u003cbr\u003ePages: 410+x\u003cbr\u003eFigures: 132\u003cbr\u003eTables: 544\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book has five chapters, each containing invaluable information for PVC manufacturers, processors, and users. In addition to the content of the previous edition, the book provides many new formulations which were introduced in the last six years. In the first introductory chapter, the new product development, product re-engineering tools and market for PVC products have been discussed. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn the second chapter, polymer properties determining its proper selection are discussed. Commercial types and grades, polymer forms, and physical-chemical properties of PVC are discussed in detail. All essential information required for the decision-making process is presented in a clear way in order to provide the reader with the necessary data.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe third chapter contains information aiding in the selection of any required additives. Twenty-four groups of additives are used in PVC processing to improve its properties and obtain the set of product characteristics needed by the end-user. Similar to the previous chapter, the information is concise but contains much-needed data to aid the reader in product development and reformulation.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe fourth chapter contains more than 600 formulations of products belonging to over 20 categories derived from typical methods of production. Formulations come from patents, publications in journals, and from the suggestions of raw material suppliers. A broad selection of formulations is used in each category to determine the essential components of formulations used in a particular method of processing, the most critical parameters of successful products, troubleshooting information, and suggestions of further sources of information on the method of processing. This section results from a review of thousands of patents and research papers, and information available from manufacturers of polymers and additives.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe final chapter contains data on PVC and its products. The data are assigned to one of the following sections: general data and nomenclature, chemical composition and properties, physical properties, mechanical properties, health and safety, environmental information, and use and application information. The data are based on information contained in over 1450 research papers, and it presents the most comprehensive set of data on PVC ever assembled.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe concept of this and a companion book (PVC Degradation \u0026amp; Stabilization also published in 2020) is to provide the reader with complete information and data required to formulate successful and durable products and\/or to evaluate formulations on the background of compositions used by others. For scientists and students, these two books give a complete set of the most up-to-date information, state-of-the-art, and data required for the development of new ideas and learning from a comprehensive review contributed by the author of 5 books on PVC written in the last 30 years.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRegulatory agencies, consumer groups, and law enforcement agencies will also find this book invaluable because it contains a realistic composition of products produced today, based on broad research of information which no other available source offers.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eThere were many good books published on PVC in the past which are still in use today. Their main drawback is that they contain information which frequently does not apply to today’s products and thus creates confusion which is avoided with these two books: PVC Degradation \u0026amp; Stabilization and PVC Formulary, which were written with the goal to give the most current information to those who need it today.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/h5\u003e\n1 Introduction\u003cbr\u003e2 PVC Properties\u003cbr\u003e2.1 Commercial types and grades \u003cbr\u003e2.1.1 General purpose resins \u003cbr\u003e2.1.1.1 Suspension \u003cbr\u003e2.1.1.2 Mass \u003cbr\u003e2.1.2 Dispersion resins (emulsion, microsuspension) \u003cbr\u003e2.1.3 Specialty resins \u003cbr\u003e2.1.3.1 Powder process resins \u003cbr\u003e2.1.3.2 Ultrahigh molecular weight resins \u003cbr\u003e2.1.3.3 Absorptive resins \u003cbr\u003e2.1.3.4 Deglossing resins \u003cbr\u003e2.1.3.4 Extender resins \u003cbr\u003e2.1.4 Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e2.1.4.1 VC\/VAc copolymers \u003cbr\u003e2.1.4.2 Grafted copolymers \u003cbr\u003e2.2 Forms ready for processing \u003cbr\u003e2.2.1 Powder \u003cbr\u003e2.2.2 Dryblend and pellets \u003cbr\u003e2.2.3 Paste and solution \u003cbr\u003e2.2.4 Latex \u003cbr\u003e2.3 Physical-chemical properties of pure and compounded PVC \u003cbr\u003e2.3.1 Molecular weight and its distribution \u003cbr\u003e2.3.2 Particle size and shape \u003cbr\u003e2.3.3 Porosity \u003cbr\u003e2.3.4 Purity \u003cbr\u003e2.3.5 Density \u003cbr\u003e2.3.6 Crystalline structure, crystallinity, morphology \u003cbr\u003e2.3.7 Thermal properties \u003cbr\u003e2.3.8 Electrical properties \u003cbr\u003e2.3.9 Optical and spectral properties \u003cbr\u003e2.3.10 Shrinkage \u003cbr\u003e2.3.11 Chemical resistance \u003cbr\u003e2.3.12 Environmental stress cracking \u003cbr\u003e2.3.13 Mechanical properties \u003cbr\u003e2.3.14 Other properties of PVC \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e3 PVC Additives \u003cbr\u003e3.1 Plasticizers \u003cbr\u003e3.2 Fillers \u003cbr\u003e3.3 Pigments and dyes \u003cbr\u003e3.4 Thermal stabilizers \u003cbr\u003e3.5 UV stabilizers \u003cbr\u003e3.6 Impact modifiers \u003cbr\u003e3.7 Antiblocking agents \u003cbr\u003e3.8 Release agents \u003cbr\u003e3.9 Slip agents \u003cbr\u003e3.10 Antistatics \u003cbr\u003e3.11 Flame retardants \u003cbr\u003e3.12 Smoke suppressants \u003cbr\u003e3.13 Lubricants \u003cbr\u003e3.14 Process aids \u003cbr\u003e3.15 Vicat\/HDT modifiers \u003cbr\u003e3.16 Foaming agents and promoters \u003cbr\u003e3.17 Antifog agents \u003cbr\u003e3.18 Crosslinking agents \u003cbr\u003e3.19 Adhesion promoters \u003cbr\u003e3.20 Brighteners \u003cbr\u003e3.21 Biocides and fungicides \u003cbr\u003e3.22 Magnetic additives \u003cbr\u003e3.23 Flexibilizers \u003cbr\u003e3.24 Nucleating agents \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e4 The PVC Formulations \u003cbr\u003e4.1 Blow molding \u003cbr\u003e4.1.1 Bottles and containers \u003cbr\u003e4.1.2 Other products \u003cbr\u003eConclusive remarks \u003cbr\u003e4.2 Calendering \u003cbr\u003e4.2.2 Floor coverings \u003cbr\u003e4.2.3 Pool liner \u003cbr\u003e4.2.4 Roofing membrane \u003cbr\u003e4.2.5 Sheet \u003cbr\u003e4.2.6 Sponged leather \u003cbr\u003eConclusive remarks \u003cbr\u003e4.3 Composites \u003cbr\u003eConclusive remarks 8\u003cbr\u003e4.4 Dip coating \u003cbr\u003eConclusive remarks \u003cbr\u003e4.5 Extrusion \u003cbr\u003e4.5.1 General section \u003cbr\u003e4.5.2 Blinds \u003cbr\u003e4.5.3 Clear compound \u003cbr\u003e4.5.4 Gaskets \u003cbr\u003e4.5.5 Fencing \u003cbr\u003e4.5.6 Interior profiles \u003cbr\u003e4.5.7 Pipes \u003cbr\u003e4.5.8 Planks \u003cbr\u003e4.5.9 Rigid articles \u003cbr\u003e4.5.10 Sheet \u003cbr\u003e4.5.11 Siding \u003cbr\u003e4.5.12 Tubing \u003cbr\u003e4.5.13 Water stop seal \u003cbr\u003e4.5.14 Window and door profile \u003cbr\u003e4.5.15 Other products \u003cbr\u003eConclusive remarks \u003cbr\u003e4.6 Fiber and thread coating \u003cbr\u003e4.7 Film production \u003cbr\u003e4.7.1 Film \u003cbr\u003e4.7.2 Food wrap \u003cbr\u003eConclusive remarks \u003cbr\u003e4.8 Foaming and foam extrusion \u003cbr\u003eConclusive remarks \u003cbr\u003e4.9 Gel \u0026amp; sealant formulations \u003cbr\u003eConclusive remarks \u003cbr\u003e4.10 Injection molding \u003cbr\u003e4.10.1 General \u003cbr\u003e4.10.2 Fittings \u003cbr\u003e4.10.3 Toys \u003cbr\u003e4.10.4 Other products \u003cbr\u003eConclusive remarks \u003cbr\u003e4.11 Joining and assembly \u003cbr\u003e4.12 Lamination \u003cbr\u003e4.13 Metallization \u003cbr\u003e4.14 Pharmaceutical products\u003cbr\u003e4.15 Powder coating \u003cbr\u003e4.16 Printing \u003cbr\u003e4.17 Rotational molding \u003cbr\u003e4.18 Sintering \u003cbr\u003e4.19 Slush molding \u003cbr\u003e4.20 Solvent casting \u003cbr\u003e4.21 Spraying \u003cbr\u003e4.22 Thermoforming \u003cbr\u003e4.23 Web coating \u003cbr\u003e4.23.1 General \u003cbr\u003e4.23.2 Coated fabrics \u003cbr\u003e4.23.3 Conveyor belts \u003cbr\u003e4.23.4 Flooring \u003cbr\u003e4.23.5 Swimming pool liners \u003cbr\u003e4.23.6 Tarpaulins \u003cbr\u003e4.23.7 Upholstery \u003cbr\u003e4.23.8 Wallcovering \u003cbr\u003e4.23.9 Other products \u003cbr\u003eConclusive remarks \u003cbr\u003e4.24 Wire \u0026amp; cable \u003cbr\u003e4.24.1 ExxonMobil wire insulation formulas \u003cbr\u003e4.24.2 Traditional lead stabilizers in wire and cable \u003cbr\u003eConclusive remarks \u003cbr\u003e4.25 General remarks \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e5 Data \u003cbr\u003e5.1 General data and nomenclature \u003cbr\u003e5.2 Chemical composition and properties \u003cbr\u003e5.3 Physical properties \u003cbr\u003e5.4 Mechanical properties \u003cbr\u003e5.5 Health and safety \u003cbr\u003e5.6 Environmental data \u003cbr\u003e5.7 Use and application data \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e","published_at":"2020-02-07T16:12:33-05:00","created_at":"2020-02-06T12:20:07-05:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2020","book","new","PVC"],"price":30000,"price_min":30000,"price_max":30000,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":31943878705245,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"PVC Formulary","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":30000,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-1-927885-63-5","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[]}],"images":["\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1555\/1853\/products\/9781927885635-Case.png?v=1581110471"],"featured_image":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1555\/1853\/products\/9781927885635-Case.png?v=1581110471","options":["Title"],"media":[{"alt":null,"id":6968064540765,"position":1,"preview_image":{"aspect_ratio":0.658,"height":450,"width":296,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1555\/1853\/products\/9781927885635-Case.png?v=1581110471"},"aspect_ratio":0.658,"height":450,"media_type":"image","src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1555\/1853\/products\/9781927885635-Case.png?v=1581110471","width":296}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: George Wypych\u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-927885-63-5 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublication date: \u003c\/span\u003e January 2020\u003cbr\u003eThird edition\u003cbr\u003ePages: 410+x\u003cbr\u003eFigures: 132\u003cbr\u003eTables: 544\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book has five chapters, each containing invaluable information for PVC manufacturers, processors, and users. In addition to the content of the previous edition, the book provides many new formulations which were introduced in the last six years. In the first introductory chapter, the new product development, product re-engineering tools and market for PVC products have been discussed. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn the second chapter, polymer properties determining its proper selection are discussed. Commercial types and grades, polymer forms, and physical-chemical properties of PVC are discussed in detail. All essential information required for the decision-making process is presented in a clear way in order to provide the reader with the necessary data.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe third chapter contains information aiding in the selection of any required additives. Twenty-four groups of additives are used in PVC processing to improve its properties and obtain the set of product characteristics needed by the end-user. Similar to the previous chapter, the information is concise but contains much-needed data to aid the reader in product development and reformulation.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe fourth chapter contains more than 600 formulations of products belonging to over 20 categories derived from typical methods of production. Formulations come from patents, publications in journals, and from the suggestions of raw material suppliers. A broad selection of formulations is used in each category to determine the essential components of formulations used in a particular method of processing, the most critical parameters of successful products, troubleshooting information, and suggestions of further sources of information on the method of processing. This section results from a review of thousands of patents and research papers, and information available from manufacturers of polymers and additives.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe final chapter contains data on PVC and its products. The data are assigned to one of the following sections: general data and nomenclature, chemical composition and properties, physical properties, mechanical properties, health and safety, environmental information, and use and application information. The data are based on information contained in over 1450 research papers, and it presents the most comprehensive set of data on PVC ever assembled.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe concept of this and a companion book (PVC Degradation \u0026amp; Stabilization also published in 2020) is to provide the reader with complete information and data required to formulate successful and durable products and\/or to evaluate formulations on the background of compositions used by others. For scientists and students, these two books give a complete set of the most up-to-date information, state-of-the-art, and data required for the development of new ideas and learning from a comprehensive review contributed by the author of 5 books on PVC written in the last 30 years.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRegulatory agencies, consumer groups, and law enforcement agencies will also find this book invaluable because it contains a realistic composition of products produced today, based on broad research of information which no other available source offers.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eThere were many good books published on PVC in the past which are still in use today. Their main drawback is that they contain information which frequently does not apply to today’s products and thus creates confusion which is avoided with these two books: PVC Degradation \u0026amp; Stabilization and PVC Formulary, which were written with the goal to give the most current information to those who need it today.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/h5\u003e\n1 Introduction\u003cbr\u003e2 PVC Properties\u003cbr\u003e2.1 Commercial types and grades \u003cbr\u003e2.1.1 General purpose resins \u003cbr\u003e2.1.1.1 Suspension \u003cbr\u003e2.1.1.2 Mass \u003cbr\u003e2.1.2 Dispersion resins (emulsion, microsuspension) \u003cbr\u003e2.1.3 Specialty resins \u003cbr\u003e2.1.3.1 Powder process resins \u003cbr\u003e2.1.3.2 Ultrahigh molecular weight resins \u003cbr\u003e2.1.3.3 Absorptive resins \u003cbr\u003e2.1.3.4 Deglossing resins \u003cbr\u003e2.1.3.4 Extender resins \u003cbr\u003e2.1.4 Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e2.1.4.1 VC\/VAc copolymers \u003cbr\u003e2.1.4.2 Grafted copolymers \u003cbr\u003e2.2 Forms ready for processing \u003cbr\u003e2.2.1 Powder \u003cbr\u003e2.2.2 Dryblend and pellets \u003cbr\u003e2.2.3 Paste and solution \u003cbr\u003e2.2.4 Latex \u003cbr\u003e2.3 Physical-chemical properties of pure and compounded PVC \u003cbr\u003e2.3.1 Molecular weight and its distribution \u003cbr\u003e2.3.2 Particle size and shape \u003cbr\u003e2.3.3 Porosity \u003cbr\u003e2.3.4 Purity \u003cbr\u003e2.3.5 Density \u003cbr\u003e2.3.6 Crystalline structure, crystallinity, morphology \u003cbr\u003e2.3.7 Thermal properties \u003cbr\u003e2.3.8 Electrical properties \u003cbr\u003e2.3.9 Optical and spectral properties \u003cbr\u003e2.3.10 Shrinkage \u003cbr\u003e2.3.11 Chemical resistance \u003cbr\u003e2.3.12 Environmental stress cracking \u003cbr\u003e2.3.13 Mechanical properties \u003cbr\u003e2.3.14 Other properties of PVC \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e3 PVC Additives \u003cbr\u003e3.1 Plasticizers \u003cbr\u003e3.2 Fillers \u003cbr\u003e3.3 Pigments and dyes \u003cbr\u003e3.4 Thermal stabilizers \u003cbr\u003e3.5 UV stabilizers \u003cbr\u003e3.6 Impact modifiers \u003cbr\u003e3.7 Antiblocking agents \u003cbr\u003e3.8 Release agents \u003cbr\u003e3.9 Slip agents \u003cbr\u003e3.10 Antistatics \u003cbr\u003e3.11 Flame retardants \u003cbr\u003e3.12 Smoke suppressants \u003cbr\u003e3.13 Lubricants \u003cbr\u003e3.14 Process aids \u003cbr\u003e3.15 Vicat\/HDT modifiers \u003cbr\u003e3.16 Foaming agents and promoters \u003cbr\u003e3.17 Antifog agents \u003cbr\u003e3.18 Crosslinking agents \u003cbr\u003e3.19 Adhesion promoters \u003cbr\u003e3.20 Brighteners \u003cbr\u003e3.21 Biocides and fungicides \u003cbr\u003e3.22 Magnetic additives \u003cbr\u003e3.23 Flexibilizers \u003cbr\u003e3.24 Nucleating agents \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e4 The PVC Formulations \u003cbr\u003e4.1 Blow molding \u003cbr\u003e4.1.1 Bottles and containers \u003cbr\u003e4.1.2 Other products \u003cbr\u003eConclusive remarks \u003cbr\u003e4.2 Calendering \u003cbr\u003e4.2.2 Floor coverings \u003cbr\u003e4.2.3 Pool liner \u003cbr\u003e4.2.4 Roofing membrane \u003cbr\u003e4.2.5 Sheet \u003cbr\u003e4.2.6 Sponged leather \u003cbr\u003eConclusive remarks \u003cbr\u003e4.3 Composites \u003cbr\u003eConclusive remarks 8\u003cbr\u003e4.4 Dip coating \u003cbr\u003eConclusive remarks \u003cbr\u003e4.5 Extrusion \u003cbr\u003e4.5.1 General section \u003cbr\u003e4.5.2 Blinds \u003cbr\u003e4.5.3 Clear compound \u003cbr\u003e4.5.4 Gaskets \u003cbr\u003e4.5.5 Fencing \u003cbr\u003e4.5.6 Interior profiles \u003cbr\u003e4.5.7 Pipes \u003cbr\u003e4.5.8 Planks \u003cbr\u003e4.5.9 Rigid articles \u003cbr\u003e4.5.10 Sheet \u003cbr\u003e4.5.11 Siding \u003cbr\u003e4.5.12 Tubing \u003cbr\u003e4.5.13 Water stop seal \u003cbr\u003e4.5.14 Window and door profile \u003cbr\u003e4.5.15 Other products \u003cbr\u003eConclusive remarks \u003cbr\u003e4.6 Fiber and thread coating \u003cbr\u003e4.7 Film production \u003cbr\u003e4.7.1 Film \u003cbr\u003e4.7.2 Food wrap \u003cbr\u003eConclusive remarks \u003cbr\u003e4.8 Foaming and foam extrusion \u003cbr\u003eConclusive remarks \u003cbr\u003e4.9 Gel \u0026amp; sealant formulations \u003cbr\u003eConclusive remarks \u003cbr\u003e4.10 Injection molding \u003cbr\u003e4.10.1 General \u003cbr\u003e4.10.2 Fittings \u003cbr\u003e4.10.3 Toys \u003cbr\u003e4.10.4 Other products \u003cbr\u003eConclusive remarks \u003cbr\u003e4.11 Joining and assembly \u003cbr\u003e4.12 Lamination \u003cbr\u003e4.13 Metallization \u003cbr\u003e4.14 Pharmaceutical products\u003cbr\u003e4.15 Powder coating \u003cbr\u003e4.16 Printing \u003cbr\u003e4.17 Rotational molding \u003cbr\u003e4.18 Sintering \u003cbr\u003e4.19 Slush molding \u003cbr\u003e4.20 Solvent casting \u003cbr\u003e4.21 Spraying \u003cbr\u003e4.22 Thermoforming \u003cbr\u003e4.23 Web coating \u003cbr\u003e4.23.1 General \u003cbr\u003e4.23.2 Coated fabrics \u003cbr\u003e4.23.3 Conveyor belts \u003cbr\u003e4.23.4 Flooring \u003cbr\u003e4.23.5 Swimming pool liners \u003cbr\u003e4.23.6 Tarpaulins \u003cbr\u003e4.23.7 Upholstery \u003cbr\u003e4.23.8 Wallcovering \u003cbr\u003e4.23.9 Other products \u003cbr\u003eConclusive remarks \u003cbr\u003e4.24 Wire \u0026amp; cable \u003cbr\u003e4.24.1 ExxonMobil wire insulation formulas \u003cbr\u003e4.24.2 Traditional lead stabilizers in wire and cable \u003cbr\u003eConclusive remarks \u003cbr\u003e4.25 General remarks \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e5 Data \u003cbr\u003e5.1 General data and nomenclature \u003cbr\u003e5.2 Chemical composition and properties \u003cbr\u003e5.3 Physical properties \u003cbr\u003e5.4 Mechanical properties \u003cbr\u003e5.5 Health and safety \u003cbr\u003e5.6 Environmental data \u003cbr\u003e5.7 Use and application data \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e"}

PVC Degradation and St...

$315.00

{"id":4534954426461,"title":"PVC Degradation and Stabilization","handle":"pvc-degradation-and-stabilization","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: George Wypych\u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-927885-61-1\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublication date: \u003c\/span\u003e January 2020\u003cbr\u003eFourth Edition\u003cbr\u003ePages: 510 + x\u003cbr\u003eFigures: 320\u003cbr\u003eTables: 67\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFourth Edition of PVC Degradation and Stabilization is a wholly updated monographic source based on the most recent papers and patent literature. PVC stabilization, the most critical aspect of formulation and performance of this polymer, is discussed in detail. This book contains all information required to design successful stabilization formula for any product made out of PVC.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOnly four books have ever been published on PVC degradation and stabilization, and two of them are by this author. The book is the only current source of information on the subject of PVC degradation and stabilization.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSeparate chapters review information on chemical structure, PVC manufacturing technology, morphology, degradation by thermal energy, UV, gamma, other forms of radiation, mechanodegradation, and chemical degradation. The chapter on analytical methods used in studying degradative and stabilization processes helps in establishing a system of checking results of stabilization with different stabilizing systems. Stabilization and stabilizers are discussed in full detail in the most important chapter of this book. The final chapter contains information on the effects of PVC and its additives on health, safety, and environment. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis book contains an analysis of all essential papers and patents published until recently on the above subject. It either locates the answers to relevant questions and offers solutions or gives references in which such answers can be found. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMany new topics included in this edition are of particular interest today. These comprise new developments in PVC production yielding range of new grades, new stabilization methods and mechanisms (e.g. synergistic mixtures containing hydrotalcites and their synthetic equivalents, beta-diketones, functionalized fillers, Shiff bases), new approaches to plasticization, methods of waste reprocessing (life cycle assessment, reformulation, biodegradable materials, and energy recovery), accelerated degradation due to electric breakdown, and many more.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePVC Degradation and Stabilization is must have for chemists, engineers, scientists, university teachers and students, designers, material scientists, environmental chemists, and lawyers who work with polyvinyl chloride and its additives or have any interest in these products. This book is the one authoritative source on the subject.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/h5\u003e\n1 Chemical Structure of PVC \u003cbr\u003e2 PVC Manufacture Technology \u003cbr\u003e3 PVC Morphology\u003cbr\u003e4 Thermal Degradation\u003cbr\u003e5 UV Degradation\u003cbr\u003e6 Degradation by γ-Radiation\u003cbr\u003e7 Degradation by Other Forms of Radiation\u003cbr\u003e8 Mechanodegradation \u003cbr\u003e9 Chemical Degradation\u003cbr\u003e10 Analytical Methods\u003cbr\u003e11 PVC Stabilization \u003cbr\u003e12 Health and safety and environmental impact\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e","published_at":"2020-02-07T16:12:33-05:00","created_at":"2020-02-06T12:17:36-05:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2020","book","new","PVC","PVC UV degradation"],"price":31500,"price_min":31500,"price_max":31500,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":31943870808157,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"PVC Degradation and Stabilization","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":31500,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-1-927885-61-1","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[]}],"images":["\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1555\/1853\/products\/9781927885611-Case.png?v=1581110423"],"featured_image":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1555\/1853\/products\/9781927885611-Case.png?v=1581110423","options":["Title"],"media":[{"alt":null,"id":6968063197277,"position":1,"preview_image":{"aspect_ratio":0.66,"height":450,"width":297,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1555\/1853\/products\/9781927885611-Case.png?v=1581110423"},"aspect_ratio":0.66,"height":450,"media_type":"image","src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1555\/1853\/products\/9781927885611-Case.png?v=1581110423","width":297}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: George Wypych\u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-927885-61-1\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublication date: \u003c\/span\u003e January 2020\u003cbr\u003eFourth Edition\u003cbr\u003ePages: 510 + x\u003cbr\u003eFigures: 320\u003cbr\u003eTables: 67\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFourth Edition of PVC Degradation and Stabilization is a wholly updated monographic source based on the most recent papers and patent literature. PVC stabilization, the most critical aspect of formulation and performance of this polymer, is discussed in detail. This book contains all information required to design successful stabilization formula for any product made out of PVC.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOnly four books have ever been published on PVC degradation and stabilization, and two of them are by this author. The book is the only current source of information on the subject of PVC degradation and stabilization.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSeparate chapters review information on chemical structure, PVC manufacturing technology, morphology, degradation by thermal energy, UV, gamma, other forms of radiation, mechanodegradation, and chemical degradation. The chapter on analytical methods used in studying degradative and stabilization processes helps in establishing a system of checking results of stabilization with different stabilizing systems. Stabilization and stabilizers are discussed in full detail in the most important chapter of this book. The final chapter contains information on the effects of PVC and its additives on health, safety, and environment. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis book contains an analysis of all essential papers and patents published until recently on the above subject. It either locates the answers to relevant questions and offers solutions or gives references in which such answers can be found. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMany new topics included in this edition are of particular interest today. These comprise new developments in PVC production yielding range of new grades, new stabilization methods and mechanisms (e.g. synergistic mixtures containing hydrotalcites and their synthetic equivalents, beta-diketones, functionalized fillers, Shiff bases), new approaches to plasticization, methods of waste reprocessing (life cycle assessment, reformulation, biodegradable materials, and energy recovery), accelerated degradation due to electric breakdown, and many more.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePVC Degradation and Stabilization is must have for chemists, engineers, scientists, university teachers and students, designers, material scientists, environmental chemists, and lawyers who work with polyvinyl chloride and its additives or have any interest in these products. This book is the one authoritative source on the subject.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/h5\u003e\n1 Chemical Structure of PVC \u003cbr\u003e2 PVC Manufacture Technology \u003cbr\u003e3 PVC Morphology\u003cbr\u003e4 Thermal Degradation\u003cbr\u003e5 UV Degradation\u003cbr\u003e6 Degradation by γ-Radiation\u003cbr\u003e7 Degradation by Other Forms of Radiation\u003cbr\u003e8 Mechanodegradation \u003cbr\u003e9 Chemical Degradation\u003cbr\u003e10 Analytical Methods\u003cbr\u003e11 PVC Stabilization \u003cbr\u003e12 Health and safety and environmental impact\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e"}

Handbook of UV Degrada...

$315.00

{"id":4534952853597,"title":"Handbook of UV Degradation and Stabilization, 3nd Edition","handle":"handbook-of-uv-degradation-and-stabilization-3nd-edition","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: George Wypych\u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-927885-57-4 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublication date: \u003c\/span\u003e January 2020\u003cbr\u003eThird Edition\u003cbr\u003ePages: 518\u003cbr\u003eFigures 124\u003cbr\u003eTables 256\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis book contains completely updated version of previous edition with the most recent literature and patents. It has 12 chapters, each discussing different aspect of UV related phenomena occurring when materials are exposed to UV radiation.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn the introduction the existing literature has been reviewed to find out how plants, animals and humans protect themselves against UV radiation. This review permits comparison of mechanisms of protection against UV used by living things and the effect of UV radiation on materials derived from natural products and polymers and rubber. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePhotophysics, discussed in the second chapter, helps to build understanding of physical phenomena occurring in materials when they are exposed to UV radiation. Potentially useful stabilization methods become obvious from the analysis of photophysics of the process. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThese effects are combined with photochemical properties of stabilizers and their mechanisms of stabilization, which is the subject of Chapter 3.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eChapter 4 contains information on available UV stabilizers. It contains a sets of data prepared according to a systematic outline as listed in the Table of Contents. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eStability of UV stabilizers, important for predicting lifetime of their protection is discussed in Chapter 5. Different reasons of instability are pointed out in evaluation.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePrinciples of stabilizer selection are given in Chapter 6. Ten areas of influence of stabilizer properties and expectations from the final products were selected for discussion in this chapter. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eChapters 7 and 8 give specific information on degradation and stabilization of different polymers \u0026amp; rubbers and final products manufactured from them, respectively. Over 50 polymers and rubbers are discussed in different sections of Chapter 7 and over 40 groups of final products, which use majority of UV stabilizers are discussed in Chapter 8. In addition, more focused information is provided in Chapter 9 for sunscreens. This is example of new developments in technology. The subjects discussed in each individual case of polymer or group of products are given in Table of Contents.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSpecific effects of UV stabilizers which may affect formulation because of interaction between UV stabilizers and other components of formulations are discussed in Chapter 10. Analytical methods, which are most frequently used in UV stabilization, are discussed in Chapter 11 to show their potential in further understanding of UV degradation and stabilization.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe book is concluded with the effect of UV stabilizers on the health and safety of workers involved in their processing and commercial use of the products (Chapter 12).\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis book is an excellent companion to the Databook of UV stabilizers which has also been published recently. Both books supplement each other without repeating the same information – one contains data another theory, mechanisms of action, practical effects and implications of application.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe information contained in both books is essential for automotive industry, aerospace, polymers and plastics, rubber, cosmetics, preservation of food products, and large number of industries which derive their products from polymers and rubber (e.g., adhesives, appliances, coatings, coil coated materials, construction, extruded profiles and their final products, greenhouse films, medical equipment, packaging materials, paints, pharmaceutical products, pipes and tubing, roofing materials, sealants, solar cells and collectors, siding, wire and cable, and wood).\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/h5\u003e\n1. Introduction\u003cbr\u003e2. Photophysics and photochemistry\u003cbr\u003e3. Mechanisms of UV stabilization\u003cbr\u003e4. UV stabilizers (chemical composition, physical-chemical properties, UV absorption, forms, applications – polymers and final products, concentrations used)\u003cbr\u003e5. Stability of UV stabilizers\u003cbr\u003e6. Principles of stabilizer selection\u003cbr\u003e7. UV degradation and stabilization of polymers and rubbers (description according to the following outline: mechanisms and results of degradation, mechanisms and results of stabilization, and data on activation wavelength (spectral sensitivity), products of degradation, typical results of photodegradation, most important stabilizers, concentration of stabilizers in formulation, and examples of lifetime of typical polymeric materials)\u003cbr\u003e8. UV degradation and stabilization of industrial products (description according to the following outline: requirements, lifetime expectations, important changes and mechanisms, stabilization methods)\u003cbr\u003e9 Focus on technology - Sunscreen \u003cbr\u003e10 UV stabilizers and other components of formulation \u003cbr\u003e11 Analytical methods in UV degradation and stabilization studies\u003cbr\u003e12 UV stabilizers – health, safety, and environment\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e","published_at":"2020-02-07T16:12:33-05:00","created_at":"2020-02-06T12:14:49-05:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2020","book","new","UV stabilizers"],"price":31500,"price_min":31500,"price_max":31500,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":31943861600349,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Handbook of UV Degradation and Stabilization, 3nd Edition","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":31500,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-1-927885-57-4","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[]}],"images":["\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1555\/1853\/products\/9781927885574-Case.png?v=1581110318"],"featured_image":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1555\/1853\/products\/9781927885574-Case.png?v=1581110318","options":["Title"],"media":[{"alt":null,"id":6968061067357,"position":1,"preview_image":{"aspect_ratio":0.673,"height":450,"width":303,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1555\/1853\/products\/9781927885574-Case.png?v=1581110318"},"aspect_ratio":0.673,"height":450,"media_type":"image","src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1555\/1853\/products\/9781927885574-Case.png?v=1581110318","width":303}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: George Wypych\u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-927885-57-4 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublication date: \u003c\/span\u003e January 2020\u003cbr\u003eThird Edition\u003cbr\u003ePages: 518\u003cbr\u003eFigures 124\u003cbr\u003eTables 256\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis book contains completely updated version of previous edition with the most recent literature and patents. It has 12 chapters, each discussing different aspect of UV related phenomena occurring when materials are exposed to UV radiation.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn the introduction the existing literature has been reviewed to find out how plants, animals and humans protect themselves against UV radiation. This review permits comparison of mechanisms of protection against UV used by living things and the effect of UV radiation on materials derived from natural products and polymers and rubber. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePhotophysics, discussed in the second chapter, helps to build understanding of physical phenomena occurring in materials when they are exposed to UV radiation. Potentially useful stabilization methods become obvious from the analysis of photophysics of the process. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThese effects are combined with photochemical properties of stabilizers and their mechanisms of stabilization, which is the subject of Chapter 3.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eChapter 4 contains information on available UV stabilizers. It contains a sets of data prepared according to a systematic outline as listed in the Table of Contents. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eStability of UV stabilizers, important for predicting lifetime of their protection is discussed in Chapter 5. Different reasons of instability are pointed out in evaluation.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePrinciples of stabilizer selection are given in Chapter 6. Ten areas of influence of stabilizer properties and expectations from the final products were selected for discussion in this chapter. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eChapters 7 and 8 give specific information on degradation and stabilization of different polymers \u0026amp; rubbers and final products manufactured from them, respectively. Over 50 polymers and rubbers are discussed in different sections of Chapter 7 and over 40 groups of final products, which use majority of UV stabilizers are discussed in Chapter 8. In addition, more focused information is provided in Chapter 9 for sunscreens. This is example of new developments in technology. The subjects discussed in each individual case of polymer or group of products are given in Table of Contents.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSpecific effects of UV stabilizers which may affect formulation because of interaction between UV stabilizers and other components of formulations are discussed in Chapter 10. Analytical methods, which are most frequently used in UV stabilization, are discussed in Chapter 11 to show their potential in further understanding of UV degradation and stabilization.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe book is concluded with the effect of UV stabilizers on the health and safety of workers involved in their processing and commercial use of the products (Chapter 12).\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis book is an excellent companion to the Databook of UV stabilizers which has also been published recently. Both books supplement each other without repeating the same information – one contains data another theory, mechanisms of action, practical effects and implications of application.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe information contained in both books is essential for automotive industry, aerospace, polymers and plastics, rubber, cosmetics, preservation of food products, and large number of industries which derive their products from polymers and rubber (e.g., adhesives, appliances, coatings, coil coated materials, construction, extruded profiles and their final products, greenhouse films, medical equipment, packaging materials, paints, pharmaceutical products, pipes and tubing, roofing materials, sealants, solar cells and collectors, siding, wire and cable, and wood).\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/h5\u003e\n1. Introduction\u003cbr\u003e2. Photophysics and photochemistry\u003cbr\u003e3. Mechanisms of UV stabilization\u003cbr\u003e4. UV stabilizers (chemical composition, physical-chemical properties, UV absorption, forms, applications – polymers and final products, concentrations used)\u003cbr\u003e5. Stability of UV stabilizers\u003cbr\u003e6. Principles of stabilizer selection\u003cbr\u003e7. UV degradation and stabilization of polymers and rubbers (description according to the following outline: mechanisms and results of degradation, mechanisms and results of stabilization, and data on activation wavelength (spectral sensitivity), products of degradation, typical results of photodegradation, most important stabilizers, concentration of stabilizers in formulation, and examples of lifetime of typical polymeric materials)\u003cbr\u003e8. UV degradation and stabilization of industrial products (description according to the following outline: requirements, lifetime expectations, important changes and mechanisms, stabilization methods)\u003cbr\u003e9 Focus on technology - Sunscreen \u003cbr\u003e10 UV stabilizers and other components of formulation \u003cbr\u003e11 Analytical methods in UV degradation and stabilization studies\u003cbr\u003e12 UV stabilizers – health, safety, and environment\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e"}