Ageing of Rubber - Accelerated Weathering & Ozone Test Results

Author: R.P. Brown, T. Butler, and S.W. Hawley
ISBN 978-1-85957-264-1

Pages: 192, Figures: 204, Tables: 84

$210.00

Summary
Table of Contents

This report is an output from the Weathering of Elastomers and Sealants project, which forms part of the UK government's Department of Trade and Industry's Degradation of Materials in Aggressive Environments Program.
A long-term natural ageing program was started in 1958 when 19 rubber compounds were exposed at 3 locations. The final sets of test pieces were withdrawn in 1998 giving a total of 40 years of natural ageing.
The results of the physical tests carried out at intervals over the period were published in 2000 by Rapra in 'Natural Ageing of Rubber/Changes in Physical Properties over 40 Years'.
The 19 compounds were re-mixed in 1999-2000 in order that accelerated ageing tests could be carried out for direct comparison with the results from natural ageing. The formulations had been selected to
represent those used in a wide range of applications, including general purpose and 'good ageing' grades. Remarkably, most of these formulations are still representative of compounds being specified today. A
total of 20 new compounds were also mixed to represent polymers not available in 1958 and to reflect changes in compounding practice. Ten of these materials were formulations directly nominated by industry
covering materials of current interest to particular companies.
This report details the results of the artificial weathering and ozone exposure tests and makes comparisons with the results after natural ageing.
The following properties were selected for monitoring the artificial weathering exposures:
Tensile strength
Elongation at break
Stress at 100% elongation
Stress at 300% elongation
Microhardness
These properties correspond to properties monitored in the natural ageing program.
The results of all these tests are presented graphically in this report, allowing the rate of deterioration of properties and the influence of the environment to be clearly seen. Properties after the accelerated ageing
are also tabulated, with calculations of percentage change.
The information contained in this report will prove invaluable to anyone specifying or supplying rubber materials or components.

1. Introduction.
2. Materials
2.1 Original Materials
2.2 New Materials
3. Preparation of Test Pieces
4. Physical Tests
5. Exposure of Test Pieces
5.1 Weathering
5.2 Ozone Exposure
6. Weathering Results (Appendix 2)
6.1 Presentation
6.2 Uncertainty
6.3 Interpretation of results
7. Ozone Results (Appendix 3)
8. Discussion
8.1 Weathering
8.1.1 General
8.1.2 Hardness
8.1.3 Modulus
8.1.4 Tensile Strength
8.1.5 Elongation at Break
8.1.6 Effect of Temperature
8.2 Ozone
9. Conclusions
References
Appendix 1 - Compound Details
Appendix 2 - Weathering Results
Compound A - Natural Rubber - Standard
Compound B - Natural Rubber - Good Ageing
Compound C - Natural Rubber - Mineral Filler Loaded
Compound D - Natural Rubber - Mineral Filler (Heavy Loaded)
Compound E - Styrene Butadiene Rubber - General Purpose
Compound F - Styrene Butadiene Rubber - Good Ageing
Compound G - Styrene Butadiene Rubber - General Purpose
Compound H - Styrene Butadiene Rubber - Good Ageing
Compound J - Butyl Rubber - General Purpose
Compound K - Butyl Rubber - Good Ageing
Compound L - Polychloroprene - General Purpose
Compound M - Polychloroprene - Natural Ageing
Compound N - Polychloroprene - Heat Ageing
Compound P - Nitrite Rubber - General Purpose
Compound R - Polychloroprene - Good Ageing
Compound S - Miscellaneous - Acrylate Rubber
Compound T - Miscellaneous - Chlorosulphonated Polyethylene
Compound W - Miscellaneous - Polysulphide Rubber
Compound X - Miscellaneous - Silicone Rubber
New Compounds
Compound N1 - FVMQ
Compound N2 - HNBR
Compound N3 - Epoxidised Natural
Compound N4 - Chlorinated Polyethylene
Compound NS - Fluorocarbon
Compound N6 - Exxpro
Compound N7 - Epichlorohydrin
Compound N8 - EPDM
Compound N9 - EVA
Compound N10 - PU
Participant's Compounds
Compound P1
Compound P3
Compound P4
Compound P5
Compound P6
Compound P7
Compound PB
Compound P9
Compound P10
Appendix 3 - Ozone Results

Related Products

Addcon World 2000

$177.00

{"id":11242235652,"title":"Addcon World 2000","handle":"978-1-85957-242-9","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: Conference Proceedings \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-85957-242-9 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePublished: 2000\u003cbr\u003ePages 168\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThis 6th successful Addcon World conference discussed the threats, opportunities, and trends in the additives business today. New products and processes were also revealed along with a discussion of legislation and its impact on the additives business. Addcon World conferences are specifically targeted to the plastics additives industry and have been successfully run by Rapra Technology Limited for the past 5 years. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe papers presented at this year’s conference will appeal to suppliers of additives, compounders and end-users along with people who want to learn how to use additives\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eList of Papers\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFlexible Vinyl Medical Products: Discussion about the Extraction Characteristics of Various Plasticizers\u003cbr\u003eRichard C. Adams, BP Amoco Chemicals, USA \u003cbr\u003eBenzoate Plasticizer for Reducing Plastisol Viscosity and Fusion Temperature\u003cbr\u003eTom Bohnert, B. Stanhope, K. Gruszecki, S. Pitman, V. Elsworth, Velsicol Chemical Corporation, USA, and Velsicol Chemical Limited, UK \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDetermination of Phenolic Antioxidant Stabilizers in PP and HDPE by Means of an Oxidative Model Reaction\u003cbr\u003eE. B. Zeinalov 1 , Hartmut F. Schroeder 2* and H. Bahr 2 , 1 Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Institute of Petrochemical Processes (IPCPAcS), Baku, 2 Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Germany \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAchieving More Value From Additives Via New Physical Forms\u003cbr\u003eCorrado Callierotti 1 , Luciano Pallini 1 , Giovanni Sandre 1 , Robert Lee 2 , Ming Wu 2 , Klaus Keck-Antoine 3 \u0026amp; Brian Johnson 3 , 1 Great Lakes Manufacturing Italia, Italy, 2 Great Lakes Chemical Corporation, USA, 3 Great Lakes Technology Belgium, Belgium \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eStabilizer Package Development - Importance of the Test Criteria Selection\u003cbr\u003eJán Malík and Isolde Bachert, Technical Service Polymer Additives, Clariant Huningue SA, France \u003cbr\u003eThe Impact of Environmental Issues on the Growth of Plastics Additives\u003cbr\u003eThomas Galvanek, Fred Gastrock and Louis N. Kattas, BRG Townsend Inc., USA \u003cbr\u003eEvaluation of Stabilizer Performance in Polymers Using Chemiluminescence\u003cbr\u003eNorman C. Billingham, 1 Peter Fearon, 1 David J. Whiteman, Niall Marshall 2 and Stephen P. Bigger 3 , 1 School of Chemistry, Physics and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, UK, 2 Polifin Limited, South Africa, 3 School of Life Sciences and Technology, Victoria University, Australia \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePolymer Additives Based on Renewable Materials; Opportunities and Trends\u003cbr\u003eJ. van Haveren, Agrotechnological Research Institute, The Netherlands\u003cbr\u003e(Paper unavailable at time of print) \u003cbr\u003eCriteria and Examples of Optimal Choice of Flame Retardants\u003cbr\u003eAchim Litzenburger, Eurobrom BV, Netherlands \u003cbr\u003eNew Metal Hydroxides with Improved Performance for Flame Retardancy in Plastics\u003cbr\u003eRené Herbiet, alusuisse martinswerk gmbh, Germany \u003cbr\u003eProductivity Gains in BOPP Film Production Through Stabilization with Lactone Technology\u003cbr\u003eDoris Eisermann, Ciba Specialty Chemicals Limited, Switzerland\u003cbr\u003e(Paper unavailable at time of print) \u003cbr\u003eThe Role of Market Research in the Additives Business\u003cbr\u003eRichard Beswick, bms AG, Switzerland\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e","published_at":"2017-06-22T21:14:30-04:00","created_at":"2017-06-22T21:14:30-04:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2000","additives","air monitoring","book","electronics","environment","health","p-structural","plastic","plastics","polymer","rubber","safety","stabilizers"],"price":17700,"price_min":17700,"price_max":17700,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":43378419716,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Addcon World 2000","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":17700,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-1-85957-242-9","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[]}],"images":["\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-242-9.jpg?v=1498183879"],"featured_image":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-242-9.jpg?v=1498183879","options":["Title"],"media":[{"alt":null,"id":350137614429,"position":1,"preview_image":{"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"width":345,"src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-242-9.jpg?v=1498183879"},"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"media_type":"image","src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-242-9.jpg?v=1498183879","width":345}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: Conference Proceedings \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-85957-242-9 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePublished: 2000\u003cbr\u003ePages 168\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThis 6th successful Addcon World conference discussed the threats, opportunities, and trends in the additives business today. New products and processes were also revealed along with a discussion of legislation and its impact on the additives business. Addcon World conferences are specifically targeted to the plastics additives industry and have been successfully run by Rapra Technology Limited for the past 5 years. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe papers presented at this year’s conference will appeal to suppliers of additives, compounders and end-users along with people who want to learn how to use additives\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eList of Papers\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFlexible Vinyl Medical Products: Discussion about the Extraction Characteristics of Various Plasticizers\u003cbr\u003eRichard C. Adams, BP Amoco Chemicals, USA \u003cbr\u003eBenzoate Plasticizer for Reducing Plastisol Viscosity and Fusion Temperature\u003cbr\u003eTom Bohnert, B. Stanhope, K. Gruszecki, S. Pitman, V. Elsworth, Velsicol Chemical Corporation, USA, and Velsicol Chemical Limited, UK \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDetermination of Phenolic Antioxidant Stabilizers in PP and HDPE by Means of an Oxidative Model Reaction\u003cbr\u003eE. B. Zeinalov 1 , Hartmut F. Schroeder 2* and H. Bahr 2 , 1 Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Institute of Petrochemical Processes (IPCPAcS), Baku, 2 Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Germany \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAchieving More Value From Additives Via New Physical Forms\u003cbr\u003eCorrado Callierotti 1 , Luciano Pallini 1 , Giovanni Sandre 1 , Robert Lee 2 , Ming Wu 2 , Klaus Keck-Antoine 3 \u0026amp; Brian Johnson 3 , 1 Great Lakes Manufacturing Italia, Italy, 2 Great Lakes Chemical Corporation, USA, 3 Great Lakes Technology Belgium, Belgium \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eStabilizer Package Development - Importance of the Test Criteria Selection\u003cbr\u003eJán Malík and Isolde Bachert, Technical Service Polymer Additives, Clariant Huningue SA, France \u003cbr\u003eThe Impact of Environmental Issues on the Growth of Plastics Additives\u003cbr\u003eThomas Galvanek, Fred Gastrock and Louis N. Kattas, BRG Townsend Inc., USA \u003cbr\u003eEvaluation of Stabilizer Performance in Polymers Using Chemiluminescence\u003cbr\u003eNorman C. Billingham, 1 Peter Fearon, 1 David J. Whiteman, Niall Marshall 2 and Stephen P. Bigger 3 , 1 School of Chemistry, Physics and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, UK, 2 Polifin Limited, South Africa, 3 School of Life Sciences and Technology, Victoria University, Australia \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePolymer Additives Based on Renewable Materials; Opportunities and Trends\u003cbr\u003eJ. van Haveren, Agrotechnological Research Institute, The Netherlands\u003cbr\u003e(Paper unavailable at time of print) \u003cbr\u003eCriteria and Examples of Optimal Choice of Flame Retardants\u003cbr\u003eAchim Litzenburger, Eurobrom BV, Netherlands \u003cbr\u003eNew Metal Hydroxides with Improved Performance for Flame Retardancy in Plastics\u003cbr\u003eRené Herbiet, alusuisse martinswerk gmbh, Germany \u003cbr\u003eProductivity Gains in BOPP Film Production Through Stabilization with Lactone Technology\u003cbr\u003eDoris Eisermann, Ciba Specialty Chemicals Limited, Switzerland\u003cbr\u003e(Paper unavailable at time of print) \u003cbr\u003eThe Role of Market Research in the Additives Business\u003cbr\u003eRichard Beswick, bms AG, Switzerland\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e"}

Additives in Polymers:...

$550.00

{"id":11242200772,"title":"Additives in Polymers: Industrial Analysis and Applications","handle":"978-0-470-85062-6","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: Jan C. J. Bart \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-0-470-85062-6 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003epages 836 Hardcover\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThis industrially relevant resource covers all established and emerging analytical methods for the deformulation of polymeric materials, with emphasis on the non-polymeric components. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEach technique is evaluated on its technical and industrial merits.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEmphasis is on understanding (principles and characteristics) and industrial applicability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eExtensively illustrated throughout with over 200 figures, 400 tables, and 3,000 references.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003eForeword. \u003cbr\u003ePreface. \u003cbr\u003eAbout the Author. \u003cbr\u003eAcknowledgements. \u003cbr\u003eChapter 1: Introduction. \u003cbr\u003e1.1 Additives. \u003cbr\u003e1.2 Plastics formulations . \u003cbr\u003e1.3 Economic impact of polymer additives. \u003cbr\u003e1.4 Analysis of plastics. \u003cbr\u003e1.5 Bibliography. \u003cbr\u003e1.6 References. \u003cbr\u003eChapter 2: Deformulation Principles. \u003cbr\u003e2.1 Polymer identification. \u003cbr\u003e2.2 Additive analysis of rubbers: ‘Best Practice’. \u003cbr\u003e2.3 Polymer extract analysis. \u003cbr\u003e2.4 In situ polymer\/additive analysis. \u003cbr\u003e2.5 Class-specific polymer\/additive analysis. \u003cbr\u003e2.6 Bibliography. \u003cbr\u003e2.7 References. \u003cbr\u003eChapter 3: Sample Preparation Perspectives. \u003cbr\u003e3.1 Solvents. \u003cbr\u003e3.2 Extraction strategy. \u003cbr\u003e3.3 Conventional extraction technologies. \u003cbr\u003e3.4 High-pressure solvent extraction methods. \u003cbr\u003e3.5 Sorbent extraction. \u003cbr\u003e3.6 Methodological comparison of extraction methods. \u003cbr\u003e3.7 Polymer\/additive dissolution methods. \u003cbr\u003e3.8 Hydrolysis. \u003cbr\u003e3.9 Bibliography. \u003cbr\u003e3.10 References. \u003cbr\u003eChapter 4: Separation Techniques. \u003cbr\u003e4.1 Analytical detectors. \u003cbr\u003e4.2 Gas chromatography. \u003cbr\u003e4.3 Supercritical fluid chromatography. \u003cbr\u003e4.4 Liquid chromatography techniques. \u003cbr\u003e4.5 Capillary electrophoretic techniques. \u003cbr\u003e4.6 Bibliography. \u003cbr\u003e4.7 References. \u003cbr\u003eChapter 5: Polymer\/Additive Analysis: The Spectroscopic Alternative. \u003cbr\u003e5.1 Ultraviolet\/visible spectrophotometry. \u003cbr\u003e5.2 Infrared spectroscopy. \u003cbr\u003e5.3 Luminescence spectroscopy. \u003cbr\u003e5.4 High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. \u003cbr\u003e5.5 Bibliography. \u003cbr\u003e5.6 References. \u003cbr\u003eChapter 6: Organic Mass-Spectrometric Methods. \u003cbr\u003e6.1 Basic instrumentation. \u003cbr\u003e6.2 Ion sources. \u003cbr\u003e6.3 Mass analysers. \u003cbr\u003e6.4 Direct mass-spectrometric polymer compound analysis. \u003cbr\u003e6.5 Ion mobility spectrometry. \u003cbr\u003e6.6 Bibliography. \u003cbr\u003e6.7 References. \u003cbr\u003eChapter 7: Multihyphenation and Multidimensionality in Polymer\/Additive Analysis. \u003cbr\u003e7.1 Precolumn hyphenation. \u003cbr\u003e7.2 Coupled sample preparation – spectroscopy\/spectrometry. \u003cbr\u003e7.3 Postcolumn hyphenation. \u003cbr\u003e7.4 Multidimensional chromatography. \u003cbr\u003e7.5 Multidimensional spectroscopy. \u003cbr\u003e7.6 Bibliography. \u003cbr\u003e7.7 References. \u003cbr\u003eChapter 8: Inorganic and Element Analytical Methods. \u003cbr\u003e8.1 Element analytical protocols. \u003cbr\u003e8.2 Sample destruction for classical elemental analysis. \u003cbr\u003e8.3 Analytical atomic spectrometry. \u003cbr\u003e8.4 X-ray spectrometry. \u003cbr\u003e8.5 Inorganic mass spectrometry. \u003cbr\u003e8.6 Radioanalytical and nuclear analytical methods. \u003cbr\u003e8.7 Electroanalytical techniques. \u003cbr\u003e8.8 Solid-state speciation analysis. \u003cbr\u003e8.9 Bibliography. \u003cbr\u003e8.10 References. \u003cbr\u003eChapter 9: Direct Methods of Deformulation of Polymer\/Additive Dissolutions. \u003cbr\u003e9.1 Chromatographic methods. \u003cbr\u003e9.2 Spectroscopic techniques. \u003cbr\u003e9.3 Mass-spectrometric methods. \u003cbr\u003e9.4 References. \u003cbr\u003eChapter 10: A Vision for the Future. \u003cbr\u003e10.1 Trends in polymer technology. \u003cbr\u003e10.2 Trends in additive technology. \u003cbr\u003e10.3 Environmental, legislative and regulatory constraints. \u003cbr\u003e10.4 Analytical consequences. \u003cbr\u003e10.5 Epilogue. \u003cbr\u003e10.6 Bibliography. \u003cbr\u003e10.7 References. \u003cbr\u003eAppendix I: List of Symbols. \u003cbr\u003eAppendix II: Functionality of Common Additives Used in Commercial Thermoplastics, Rubbers, and Thermosetting Resins. \u003cbr\u003eAppendix III: Specimen Polymer Additives Product Sheets. \u003cbr\u003eIndex. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eAbout Author\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eJan C.J. Bart\u003c\/b\u003e (Ph.D. Structural Chemistry, University of Amsterdam) is a senior scientist with a broad interest in materials characterisation, heterogeneous catalysis and product development who spent an industrial career in R\u0026amp;D with Monsanto, Montedison and DSM Research in various countries. The author has held several teaching assignments and researched extensively in both academic and industrial areas; he authored over 250 scientific papers, including chapters in books. Dr. Bart has acted as a Ramsay Memorial Fellow at the Universities of Leeds (Colour Chemistry) and Oxford (Material Science), a visiting scientist at Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse (CNRS, Villeurbanne), and a Meyerhoff Visiting Professor at WIS (Rehovoth), and held an Invited Professorship at USTC (Hefei). He is currently a Full Professor of Industrial Chemistry at the University of Messina. He is also a member of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Royal Dutch Chemical Society, Society of Plastic Engineers and The Institute of Materials.","published_at":"2017-06-22T21:12:39-04:00","created_at":"2017-06-22T21:12:39-04:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2005","additives","book","extraction","fillers","Gas chromatography. supercritical fluid chromatography","hydrolisis","liquid chromatography","p-chemical","plastic","plastics","polymer","rubber","solvents","spectroscopy. radioanalytical"],"price":55000,"price_min":55000,"price_max":55000,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":43378306308,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Additives in Polymers: Industrial Analysis and Applications","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":55000,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-0-470-85062-6","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[]}],"images":["\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-0-470-85062-6.jpg?v=1499914044"],"featured_image":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-0-470-85062-6.jpg?v=1499914044","options":["Title"],"media":[{"alt":null,"id":350139580509,"position":1,"preview_image":{"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"width":345,"src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-0-470-85062-6.jpg?v=1499914044"},"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"media_type":"image","src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-0-470-85062-6.jpg?v=1499914044","width":345}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: Jan C. J. Bart \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-0-470-85062-6 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003epages 836 Hardcover\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThis industrially relevant resource covers all established and emerging analytical methods for the deformulation of polymeric materials, with emphasis on the non-polymeric components. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEach technique is evaluated on its technical and industrial merits.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEmphasis is on understanding (principles and characteristics) and industrial applicability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eExtensively illustrated throughout with over 200 figures, 400 tables, and 3,000 references.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003eForeword. \u003cbr\u003ePreface. \u003cbr\u003eAbout the Author. \u003cbr\u003eAcknowledgements. \u003cbr\u003eChapter 1: Introduction. \u003cbr\u003e1.1 Additives. \u003cbr\u003e1.2 Plastics formulations . \u003cbr\u003e1.3 Economic impact of polymer additives. \u003cbr\u003e1.4 Analysis of plastics. \u003cbr\u003e1.5 Bibliography. \u003cbr\u003e1.6 References. \u003cbr\u003eChapter 2: Deformulation Principles. \u003cbr\u003e2.1 Polymer identification. \u003cbr\u003e2.2 Additive analysis of rubbers: ‘Best Practice’. \u003cbr\u003e2.3 Polymer extract analysis. \u003cbr\u003e2.4 In situ polymer\/additive analysis. \u003cbr\u003e2.5 Class-specific polymer\/additive analysis. \u003cbr\u003e2.6 Bibliography. \u003cbr\u003e2.7 References. \u003cbr\u003eChapter 3: Sample Preparation Perspectives. \u003cbr\u003e3.1 Solvents. \u003cbr\u003e3.2 Extraction strategy. \u003cbr\u003e3.3 Conventional extraction technologies. \u003cbr\u003e3.4 High-pressure solvent extraction methods. \u003cbr\u003e3.5 Sorbent extraction. \u003cbr\u003e3.6 Methodological comparison of extraction methods. \u003cbr\u003e3.7 Polymer\/additive dissolution methods. \u003cbr\u003e3.8 Hydrolysis. \u003cbr\u003e3.9 Bibliography. \u003cbr\u003e3.10 References. \u003cbr\u003eChapter 4: Separation Techniques. \u003cbr\u003e4.1 Analytical detectors. \u003cbr\u003e4.2 Gas chromatography. \u003cbr\u003e4.3 Supercritical fluid chromatography. \u003cbr\u003e4.4 Liquid chromatography techniques. \u003cbr\u003e4.5 Capillary electrophoretic techniques. \u003cbr\u003e4.6 Bibliography. \u003cbr\u003e4.7 References. \u003cbr\u003eChapter 5: Polymer\/Additive Analysis: The Spectroscopic Alternative. \u003cbr\u003e5.1 Ultraviolet\/visible spectrophotometry. \u003cbr\u003e5.2 Infrared spectroscopy. \u003cbr\u003e5.3 Luminescence spectroscopy. \u003cbr\u003e5.4 High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. \u003cbr\u003e5.5 Bibliography. \u003cbr\u003e5.6 References. \u003cbr\u003eChapter 6: Organic Mass-Spectrometric Methods. \u003cbr\u003e6.1 Basic instrumentation. \u003cbr\u003e6.2 Ion sources. \u003cbr\u003e6.3 Mass analysers. \u003cbr\u003e6.4 Direct mass-spectrometric polymer compound analysis. \u003cbr\u003e6.5 Ion mobility spectrometry. \u003cbr\u003e6.6 Bibliography. \u003cbr\u003e6.7 References. \u003cbr\u003eChapter 7: Multihyphenation and Multidimensionality in Polymer\/Additive Analysis. \u003cbr\u003e7.1 Precolumn hyphenation. \u003cbr\u003e7.2 Coupled sample preparation – spectroscopy\/spectrometry. \u003cbr\u003e7.3 Postcolumn hyphenation. \u003cbr\u003e7.4 Multidimensional chromatography. \u003cbr\u003e7.5 Multidimensional spectroscopy. \u003cbr\u003e7.6 Bibliography. \u003cbr\u003e7.7 References. \u003cbr\u003eChapter 8: Inorganic and Element Analytical Methods. \u003cbr\u003e8.1 Element analytical protocols. \u003cbr\u003e8.2 Sample destruction for classical elemental analysis. \u003cbr\u003e8.3 Analytical atomic spectrometry. \u003cbr\u003e8.4 X-ray spectrometry. \u003cbr\u003e8.5 Inorganic mass spectrometry. \u003cbr\u003e8.6 Radioanalytical and nuclear analytical methods. \u003cbr\u003e8.7 Electroanalytical techniques. \u003cbr\u003e8.8 Solid-state speciation analysis. \u003cbr\u003e8.9 Bibliography. \u003cbr\u003e8.10 References. \u003cbr\u003eChapter 9: Direct Methods of Deformulation of Polymer\/Additive Dissolutions. \u003cbr\u003e9.1 Chromatographic methods. \u003cbr\u003e9.2 Spectroscopic techniques. \u003cbr\u003e9.3 Mass-spectrometric methods. \u003cbr\u003e9.4 References. \u003cbr\u003eChapter 10: A Vision for the Future. \u003cbr\u003e10.1 Trends in polymer technology. \u003cbr\u003e10.2 Trends in additive technology. \u003cbr\u003e10.3 Environmental, legislative and regulatory constraints. \u003cbr\u003e10.4 Analytical consequences. \u003cbr\u003e10.5 Epilogue. \u003cbr\u003e10.6 Bibliography. \u003cbr\u003e10.7 References. \u003cbr\u003eAppendix I: List of Symbols. \u003cbr\u003eAppendix II: Functionality of Common Additives Used in Commercial Thermoplastics, Rubbers, and Thermosetting Resins. \u003cbr\u003eAppendix III: Specimen Polymer Additives Product Sheets. \u003cbr\u003eIndex. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eAbout Author\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eJan C.J. Bart\u003c\/b\u003e (Ph.D. Structural Chemistry, University of Amsterdam) is a senior scientist with a broad interest in materials characterisation, heterogeneous catalysis and product development who spent an industrial career in R\u0026amp;D with Monsanto, Montedison and DSM Research in various countries. The author has held several teaching assignments and researched extensively in both academic and industrial areas; he authored over 250 scientific papers, including chapters in books. Dr. Bart has acted as a Ramsay Memorial Fellow at the Universities of Leeds (Colour Chemistry) and Oxford (Material Science), a visiting scientist at Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse (CNRS, Villeurbanne), and a Meyerhoff Visiting Professor at WIS (Rehovoth), and held an Invited Professorship at USTC (Hefei). He is currently a Full Professor of Industrial Chemistry at the University of Messina. He is also a member of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Royal Dutch Chemical Society, Society of Plastic Engineers and The Institute of Materials."}

Ageing of Rubber - Acc...

$210.00

{"id":11242241668,"title":"Ageing of Rubber - Accelerated Heat Ageing Test Results","handle":"978-1-85957-274-0","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: R.P. Brown, T. Butler, and S.W. Hawley \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-85957-274-0 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePages: 208, Figures 169, Tables: 41\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThis report is an output from the Weathering of Elastomers and Sealants project, which forms part of the UK government's Department of Trade and Industry's Degradation of Materials in Aggressive Environments Program. \u003cbr\u003eA long-term natural ageing program was started in 1958 when 19 rubber compounds were exposed at 3 locations. The final sets of test pieces were withdrawn in 1998 giving a total of 40 years of natural ageing. The results of the physical tests carried out at intervals over the period were published in 2000 by Rapra in 'Natural Ageing of Rubber-Changes in Physical Properties over 40 Years'. \u003cbr\u003eThis report details the results of accelerated heat ageing studies undertaken on re-mixed samples of those materials studied for the natural ageing study and on the 20 new compounds chosen to represent polymers not available in 1958 and to reflect changes in compounding practice. \u003cbr\u003eIn addition to those properties studied for the artificial weathering exposures, compression set and dynamic properties were also measured. \u003cbr\u003eThe results of all these tests are again presented graphically and tabulated, allowing the rate of deterioration of properties to be followed. As the number of graphs are too voluminous to be reproduced in total, those for hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break and 100% modulus are given. \u003cbr\u003eExtrapolation of the accelerated results to longer times at lower temperatures was attempted by two approaches - the Arrhenius relation and the WLF equation - and compression set results analyzed using a dose rate equation. Predictions are made for change at 23°C and 40°C to equate to long-term natural ageing under temperate and hot dry conditions.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n1. Introduction \u003cbr\u003e2. Materials \u003cbr\u003e2.1 Original Materials \u003cbr\u003e2.2 New Materials \u003cbr\u003e3. Preparation of Test Pieces \u003cbr\u003e4. Physical Tests \u003cbr\u003e5. Exposure of Test Pieces \u003cbr\u003e6. Results \u003cbr\u003e6.1 Presentation \u003cbr\u003e6.2 Uncertainty \u003cbr\u003e6.3 Prediction of Natural Ageing \u003cbr\u003e7. Discussion \u003cbr\u003e7.1 Change with Time \u003cbr\u003e7.1.1 General \u003cbr\u003e7.1.2 Hardness \u003cbr\u003e7.1.3 Modulus \u003cbr\u003e7.1.4 Tensile Strength \u003cbr\u003e7.1.5 Elongation at Break \u003cbr\u003e7.1.6 DMTA \u003cbr\u003e7.1.7 Compression Set \u003cbr\u003e7.2 Predictions \u003cbr\u003e7.2.1 General \u003cbr\u003e7.2.2 Hardness \u003cbr\u003e7.2.3 Modulus \u003cbr\u003e7.2.4 Tensile Strength \u003cbr\u003e7.2.5 Elongation at Break \u003cbr\u003e7.2.6 DMTA \u003cbr\u003e7.2.7 Compression Set \u003cbr\u003e7.2.8 Choice of Analysis Method \u003cbr\u003e7.2.9 Effectiveness of the Predictions \u003cbr\u003e8. Conclusions \u003cbr\u003eReferences\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e","published_at":"2017-06-22T21:14:49-04:00","created_at":"2017-06-22T21:14:49-04:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2001","ageing","elongation","hardness","heat","physical tests","r-properties","rubber","sealants","tensile strength","weathering"],"price":21000,"price_min":21000,"price_max":21000,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":43378441668,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Ageing of Rubber - Accelerated Heat Ageing Test Results","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":21000,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":0,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-1-85957-274-0","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[]}],"images":["\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-274-0.jpg?v=1498186978"],"featured_image":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-274-0.jpg?v=1498186978","options":["Title"],"media":[{"alt":null,"id":350147608669,"position":1,"preview_image":{"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"width":345,"src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-274-0.jpg?v=1498186978"},"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"media_type":"image","src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-274-0.jpg?v=1498186978","width":345}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: R.P. Brown, T. Butler, and S.W. Hawley \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-85957-274-0 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePages: 208, Figures 169, Tables: 41\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThis report is an output from the Weathering of Elastomers and Sealants project, which forms part of the UK government's Department of Trade and Industry's Degradation of Materials in Aggressive Environments Program. \u003cbr\u003eA long-term natural ageing program was started in 1958 when 19 rubber compounds were exposed at 3 locations. The final sets of test pieces were withdrawn in 1998 giving a total of 40 years of natural ageing. The results of the physical tests carried out at intervals over the period were published in 2000 by Rapra in 'Natural Ageing of Rubber-Changes in Physical Properties over 40 Years'. \u003cbr\u003eThis report details the results of accelerated heat ageing studies undertaken on re-mixed samples of those materials studied for the natural ageing study and on the 20 new compounds chosen to represent polymers not available in 1958 and to reflect changes in compounding practice. \u003cbr\u003eIn addition to those properties studied for the artificial weathering exposures, compression set and dynamic properties were also measured. \u003cbr\u003eThe results of all these tests are again presented graphically and tabulated, allowing the rate of deterioration of properties to be followed. As the number of graphs are too voluminous to be reproduced in total, those for hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break and 100% modulus are given. \u003cbr\u003eExtrapolation of the accelerated results to longer times at lower temperatures was attempted by two approaches - the Arrhenius relation and the WLF equation - and compression set results analyzed using a dose rate equation. Predictions are made for change at 23°C and 40°C to equate to long-term natural ageing under temperate and hot dry conditions.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n1. Introduction \u003cbr\u003e2. Materials \u003cbr\u003e2.1 Original Materials \u003cbr\u003e2.2 New Materials \u003cbr\u003e3. Preparation of Test Pieces \u003cbr\u003e4. Physical Tests \u003cbr\u003e5. Exposure of Test Pieces \u003cbr\u003e6. Results \u003cbr\u003e6.1 Presentation \u003cbr\u003e6.2 Uncertainty \u003cbr\u003e6.3 Prediction of Natural Ageing \u003cbr\u003e7. Discussion \u003cbr\u003e7.1 Change with Time \u003cbr\u003e7.1.1 General \u003cbr\u003e7.1.2 Hardness \u003cbr\u003e7.1.3 Modulus \u003cbr\u003e7.1.4 Tensile Strength \u003cbr\u003e7.1.5 Elongation at Break \u003cbr\u003e7.1.6 DMTA \u003cbr\u003e7.1.7 Compression Set \u003cbr\u003e7.2 Predictions \u003cbr\u003e7.2.1 General \u003cbr\u003e7.2.2 Hardness \u003cbr\u003e7.2.3 Modulus \u003cbr\u003e7.2.4 Tensile Strength \u003cbr\u003e7.2.5 Elongation at Break \u003cbr\u003e7.2.6 DMTA \u003cbr\u003e7.2.7 Compression Set \u003cbr\u003e7.2.8 Choice of Analysis Method \u003cbr\u003e7.2.9 Effectiveness of the Predictions \u003cbr\u003e8. Conclusions \u003cbr\u003eReferences\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e"}