Handbook of Solvents - 3rd Edition, Volume 2, Use, Health, and Environment
Handbook of Solvents - 3rd Edition, Volume 2, Use, Health, and Environment
Author: George Wypych, Editor
ISBN 978-1-927885-41-3
Publication date: March 2019
Number of pages: 930+xii
Figures: 240
Tables: 260
ISBN 978-1-927885-41-3
Publication date: March 2019
Number of pages: 930+xii
Figures: 240
Tables: 260
$295.00
The volume begins with a discussion of solvent used in over 30 industries, which are the main consumers of solvents. The analysis is conducted based on available data and contains information on the types (and frequently amounts) of solvents used and potential problems and solutions. This followed by a discussion of residual solvents left in final products.
The third edition contains the most recent findings and trends in the solvent application. This volume together with Vol. 1 Properties; Databook of Green Solvents; and Databook of Solvents contains the most comprehensive, and up to date information ever published on solvents.
The volume begins with a discussion of solvent used in over 30 industries, which are the main consumers of solvents. The analysis is conducted based on the available data and contains information on the types (and frequently amounts) of solvents used and potential problems and solutions.
Chapter 14 contains information on the methods of analysis of solvents and materials containing solvents. The chapter is divided into two sections containing standard and special methods of solvent analysis. This chapter is followed by a discussion of residual solvents left in final products.
The environmental impact of solvents, such as their fate and movement in the water, soil and air, fate-based management of solvent containing wastes, and ecotoxicological effects are discussed in chapter 16. The chapter also contains discussion of solvents impact on tropospheric air pollution.
The next two chapters are devoted to toxicology of solvents and regulations aiming to keep solvents toxicity under control. The analysis of concentration of solvents in more than 15 industries, specific issues related to paint industry, and characteristics of environment in automotive collision repair shops are followed by the thorough discussion of regulations in the USA and Europe.
Solvent toxicology chapters were written by professors and scientists from major centers who study the effects of solvents on various aspects of human health, immediate reaction to solvent poisoning, persistence of symptoms of solvent exposure, and effects of solvents on various parts of the human organism. This is a unique collection of observations which should be frequently consulted by solvent users and agencies which are responsible for the protection of people in the industrial environment.
The following chapters show some examples of solvent substitution by safer materials. Here the emphasis is placed on supercritical solvents, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, and agriculture-based products, such as ethyl lactate. Discussion of solvent recycling, removal, and degradation includes absorptive solvent recovery, comparison of results of recovery and incineration, and application of solar photocatalytic oxidation.
The book is concluded with evaluation of methods of natural attenuation of various solvents in soils and modern methods of cleaning contaminated soils.
This comprehensive two volume book has no equal in depth and breadth to any other publication available today Also, Solvent database on CD-ROM is available which contains data on close to 2000 solvents. The data organized in sections such as General, Physical & Chemical Properties, Health & Safety, Environmental, and Use, contain all available and required data to use solvent efficiently and safely.
The third edition contains the most recent findings and trends in the solvent application. This volume together with Vol. 1 Properties; Databook of Green Solvents; and Databook of Solvents contains the most comprehensive, and up to date information ever published on solvents.
The volume begins with a discussion of solvent used in over 30 industries, which are the main consumers of solvents. The analysis is conducted based on the available data and contains information on the types (and frequently amounts) of solvents used and potential problems and solutions.
Chapter 14 contains information on the methods of analysis of solvents and materials containing solvents. The chapter is divided into two sections containing standard and special methods of solvent analysis. This chapter is followed by a discussion of residual solvents left in final products.
The environmental impact of solvents, such as their fate and movement in the water, soil and air, fate-based management of solvent containing wastes, and ecotoxicological effects are discussed in chapter 16. The chapter also contains discussion of solvents impact on tropospheric air pollution.
The next two chapters are devoted to toxicology of solvents and regulations aiming to keep solvents toxicity under control. The analysis of concentration of solvents in more than 15 industries, specific issues related to paint industry, and characteristics of environment in automotive collision repair shops are followed by the thorough discussion of regulations in the USA and Europe.
Solvent toxicology chapters were written by professors and scientists from major centers who study the effects of solvents on various aspects of human health, immediate reaction to solvent poisoning, persistence of symptoms of solvent exposure, and effects of solvents on various parts of the human organism. This is a unique collection of observations which should be frequently consulted by solvent users and agencies which are responsible for the protection of people in the industrial environment.
The following chapters show some examples of solvent substitution by safer materials. Here the emphasis is placed on supercritical solvents, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, and agriculture-based products, such as ethyl lactate. Discussion of solvent recycling, removal, and degradation includes absorptive solvent recovery, comparison of results of recovery and incineration, and application of solar photocatalytic oxidation.
The book is concluded with evaluation of methods of natural attenuation of various solvents in soils and modern methods of cleaning contaminated soils.
This comprehensive two volume book has no equal in depth and breadth to any other publication available today Also, Solvent database on CD-ROM is available which contains data on close to 2000 solvents. The data organized in sections such as General, Physical & Chemical Properties, Health & Safety, Environmental, and Use, contain all available and required data to use solvent efficiently and safely.
13 SOLVENT USE IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIES
13.1 Adhesives and sealants
George Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada
13.2 Aerospace
13.3 Asphalt compounding
13.4 Biotechnology
13.4.1 Organic solvents in microbial production processes
Michiaki Matsumoto, Sonja Isken, Jan A. M. de Bont, Division of Industrial Microbiology Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
13.4.2 Solvent-resistant microorganisms
Tilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart, Institut fuer Allgemeine Hygiene und Umwelthygiene, Universitaet Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
13.4.3 Choice of solvent for enzymatic reaction in organic solvent
Tsuneo Yamane, Graduate School of Bio- and Agro-Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
13.5 Coil coating
George Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada
13.6 Cosmetics and personal care products
13.7 Dry cleaning - treatment of textiles in solvents
Kaspar D. Hasenclever, Kreussler & Co. GmbH, Wiesbaden, Germany
13.8 Fabricated metal products
George Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada
13.9 Food industry - solvents for extracting vegetable oils
Phillip J. Wakelyn, National Cotton Council, Washington, DC, USA; Peter J. Wan, USDA, ARS, SRRC, New Orleans, LA, USA
13.10 Ground transportation
George Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada
13.11 Inorganic chemical industry
13.12 Iron and steel industry
13.13 Lumber and wood products - Wood preservation treatment: significance of solvents
Tilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart, Fritz Schweinsberg, Institut fuer Allgemeine Hygiene und Umwelthygiene, Universitaet Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Gerhard Volland, Otto-Graf-Institut, Universitaet Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
13.14 Medical applications
George Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada
13.15 Metal casting
13.16 Motor vehicle assembly
13.17 Organic chemical industry
13.18 Paints and coatings
13.18.1 Architectural surface coatings and solvents
Tilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart, Fritz Schweinsberg, Institut fuer Allgemeine Hygiene und Umwelthygiene, Universitaet Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Gerhard Volland, Otto-Graf-Institut, Universitaet Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
13.18.2 Recent advances in coalescing solvents for waterborne coatings
David Randall, Chemoxy International pcl, Cleveland, United Kingdom
13.19 Petroleum refining industry
George Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada
13.20 Pharmaceutical industry
13.20.1 Use of solvents in the manufacture of drug substances (DS) and drug products (DP)
Michel Bauer, International Analytical Department, Sanofi-Synthelabo, Toulouse, France; Christine Barthelemy, Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galenique et Biopharmacie, Faculte des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Universite de Lille 2, Lille, France
13.20.2 Predicting cosolvency for pharmaceutical and environmental applications
An Li, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
13.21 Polymers and man-made fibers
George Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada
13.22 Printing industry
13.23 Pulp and paper
13.24 Rubber and Plastics
13.25 Use of solvents in the shipbuilding and ship repair industry
Mohamed Serageldin, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Dave Reeves, Midwest Research Institute, Cary, NC, USA
13.26 Stone, clay, glass, and concrete
George Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada
13.27 Textile industry
13.28 Transportation equipment cleaning
13.29 Water transportation
13.30 Wood furniture
13.31 Summary
14 METHODS OF SOLVENT DETECTION AND TESTING
14.1 Standard methods of solvent analysis
George Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada
14.2 Special methods of solvent analysis
Myrto Petreas, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, USA
15 RESIDUAL SOLVENTS IN PRODUCTS
15.1 Residual solvents in various products
George Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada
15.2 Residual solvents in pharmaceutical substances and products
Eric Deconinck and Bart Desmedt
16 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF SOLVENTS
16.1 The environmental chemistry of organic solvents
William R. Roy, USA
16.2 The environmental chemistry of ionic liquids
William R. Roy, USA
16.3 Organic solvent impacts on tropospheric air pollution
Michelle Bergin, Armistead Russell, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
17 CONCENTRATION OF SOLVENTS IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS
17.1 Measurement and estimation of solvents emission and odor
Margot Scheithauer, Institut fuer Holztechnologie Dresden, Germany
17.2 Emission of organic solvents during usage of ecological paints
Krzysztof M. Benczek, Joanna Kurpiewska, Central Institute for Labor Protection, Warsaw, Poland
17.3 Solvent levels in the vehicle collision repair industry
Samuel Keer, Centre for Public Health Research, Wellington, New Zealand
18 REGULATIONS
18 Regulations in US and other countries
Carlos M. Nunez, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory Research, Triangle Park, NC, USA
18.1 Regulations in Europe
Tilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart, Fritz Schweinsberg, Institut fuer Allgemeine Hygiene und Umwelthygiene, Universitaet Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
19 TOXIC EFFECTS OF SOLVENT EXPOSURE
19.1 Toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, and toxicology
Tilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart, Fritz Schweinsberg, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
19.2 Solvent exposure in pregnancy
SC Mitchell, Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK and RH Waring
School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, UK
19.3 Nephrotoxicity of industrial solvents
Nachman Brautbar and Michael P. Wu, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA and Nachman Brautbar, M.D., Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
19.4 Lymphohematopoietic malignancies among workers exposed to benzene including leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma
Nachman Brautbar, Michael P. Wu, Alexandra E. Rieders, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA and Nachman Brautbar, M.D., Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
19.5 Genotoxicity of benzene
Nachman Brautbar, Michael P. Wu, Alexandra E. Rieders, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA and Nachman Brautbar, M.D., Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
19.6 Chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatoid exchanges
Nachman Brautbar, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA and Nachman Brautbar, M.D., Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
19.7 Hepatotoxicity of industrial solvents
Nachman Brautbar and Michael P. Wu, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA and Nachman Brautbar, M.D., Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
19.8 Toxicity of environmental solvent exposure for brain, lung and heart
Kaye H. Kilburn, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
20 SUBSTITUTION OF SOLVENTS BY SAFER PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES
20.1 Supercritical solvents
Aydin K. Sunol, Sermin G. Sunol, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
20.2 Ionic liquids
D.W. Rooney and Johan Jacquemin, School of Chemistry, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
20.3 Deep eutectic solvents and their applications as new green reaction media
Joaquin Garcia-Alvarez, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
20.4 Novel applications of the bio-based solvent ethyl lactate in chemical technology
David Villanueva-Bermejo, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada and Tiziana Fornari, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
21 SOLVENT RECYCLING, REMOVAL, AND DEGRADATION
21.1 Absorptive solvent recovery
Klaus-Dirk Henning, CarboTech Aktivkohlen GmbH, Essen, Germany
21.2 Recovery versus incineration
Danilo Alexander Figueroa Paredes and José Espinosa. INGAR, Avellaneda, Argentina and Antonio Amelio, Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering), Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
21.3 Solvent recovery, recycling, and incineration
George Wypych
ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada
21.4 Application of solar photocatalytic oxidation to VOC-containing airstreams
K. A. Magrini, A. S. Watt, L. C. Boyd, E. J. Wolfrum, S. A. Larson,C. Roth, G. C. Glatzmaier, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
22 NATURAL ATTENUATION OF CHLORINATED SOLVENTS IN GROUND WATER
Hanadi S. Rifai, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Groundwater Services, Inc., Houston, Texas, USA; Charles J. Newell Todd H. Wiedemeier, Parson Engineering Science, Denver, CO, USA
Moffett Field, CA
Index
13.1 Adhesives and sealants
George Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada
13.2 Aerospace
13.3 Asphalt compounding
13.4 Biotechnology
13.4.1 Organic solvents in microbial production processes
Michiaki Matsumoto, Sonja Isken, Jan A. M. de Bont, Division of Industrial Microbiology Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
13.4.2 Solvent-resistant microorganisms
Tilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart, Institut fuer Allgemeine Hygiene und Umwelthygiene, Universitaet Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
13.4.3 Choice of solvent for enzymatic reaction in organic solvent
Tsuneo Yamane, Graduate School of Bio- and Agro-Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
13.5 Coil coating
George Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada
13.6 Cosmetics and personal care products
13.7 Dry cleaning - treatment of textiles in solvents
Kaspar D. Hasenclever, Kreussler & Co. GmbH, Wiesbaden, Germany
13.8 Fabricated metal products
George Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada
13.9 Food industry - solvents for extracting vegetable oils
Phillip J. Wakelyn, National Cotton Council, Washington, DC, USA; Peter J. Wan, USDA, ARS, SRRC, New Orleans, LA, USA
13.10 Ground transportation
George Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada
13.11 Inorganic chemical industry
13.12 Iron and steel industry
13.13 Lumber and wood products - Wood preservation treatment: significance of solvents
Tilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart, Fritz Schweinsberg, Institut fuer Allgemeine Hygiene und Umwelthygiene, Universitaet Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Gerhard Volland, Otto-Graf-Institut, Universitaet Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
13.14 Medical applications
George Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada
13.15 Metal casting
13.16 Motor vehicle assembly
13.17 Organic chemical industry
13.18 Paints and coatings
13.18.1 Architectural surface coatings and solvents
Tilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart, Fritz Schweinsberg, Institut fuer Allgemeine Hygiene und Umwelthygiene, Universitaet Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Gerhard Volland, Otto-Graf-Institut, Universitaet Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
13.18.2 Recent advances in coalescing solvents for waterborne coatings
David Randall, Chemoxy International pcl, Cleveland, United Kingdom
13.19 Petroleum refining industry
George Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada
13.20 Pharmaceutical industry
13.20.1 Use of solvents in the manufacture of drug substances (DS) and drug products (DP)
Michel Bauer, International Analytical Department, Sanofi-Synthelabo, Toulouse, France; Christine Barthelemy, Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galenique et Biopharmacie, Faculte des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Universite de Lille 2, Lille, France
13.20.2 Predicting cosolvency for pharmaceutical and environmental applications
An Li, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
13.21 Polymers and man-made fibers
George Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada
13.22 Printing industry
13.23 Pulp and paper
13.24 Rubber and Plastics
13.25 Use of solvents in the shipbuilding and ship repair industry
Mohamed Serageldin, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Dave Reeves, Midwest Research Institute, Cary, NC, USA
13.26 Stone, clay, glass, and concrete
George Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada
13.27 Textile industry
13.28 Transportation equipment cleaning
13.29 Water transportation
13.30 Wood furniture
13.31 Summary
14 METHODS OF SOLVENT DETECTION AND TESTING
14.1 Standard methods of solvent analysis
George Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada
14.2 Special methods of solvent analysis
Myrto Petreas, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, USA
15 RESIDUAL SOLVENTS IN PRODUCTS
15.1 Residual solvents in various products
George Wypych, ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada
15.2 Residual solvents in pharmaceutical substances and products
Eric Deconinck and Bart Desmedt
16 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF SOLVENTS
16.1 The environmental chemistry of organic solvents
William R. Roy, USA
16.2 The environmental chemistry of ionic liquids
William R. Roy, USA
16.3 Organic solvent impacts on tropospheric air pollution
Michelle Bergin, Armistead Russell, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
17 CONCENTRATION OF SOLVENTS IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS
17.1 Measurement and estimation of solvents emission and odor
Margot Scheithauer, Institut fuer Holztechnologie Dresden, Germany
17.2 Emission of organic solvents during usage of ecological paints
Krzysztof M. Benczek, Joanna Kurpiewska, Central Institute for Labor Protection, Warsaw, Poland
17.3 Solvent levels in the vehicle collision repair industry
Samuel Keer, Centre for Public Health Research, Wellington, New Zealand
18 REGULATIONS
18 Regulations in US and other countries
Carlos M. Nunez, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory Research, Triangle Park, NC, USA
18.1 Regulations in Europe
Tilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart, Fritz Schweinsberg, Institut fuer Allgemeine Hygiene und Umwelthygiene, Universitaet Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
19 TOXIC EFFECTS OF SOLVENT EXPOSURE
19.1 Toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, and toxicology
Tilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart, Fritz Schweinsberg, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
19.2 Solvent exposure in pregnancy
SC Mitchell, Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK and RH Waring
School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, UK
19.3 Nephrotoxicity of industrial solvents
Nachman Brautbar and Michael P. Wu, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA and Nachman Brautbar, M.D., Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
19.4 Lymphohematopoietic malignancies among workers exposed to benzene including leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma
Nachman Brautbar, Michael P. Wu, Alexandra E. Rieders, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA and Nachman Brautbar, M.D., Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
19.5 Genotoxicity of benzene
Nachman Brautbar, Michael P. Wu, Alexandra E. Rieders, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA and Nachman Brautbar, M.D., Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
19.6 Chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatoid exchanges
Nachman Brautbar, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA and Nachman Brautbar, M.D., Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
19.7 Hepatotoxicity of industrial solvents
Nachman Brautbar and Michael P. Wu, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA and Nachman Brautbar, M.D., Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
19.8 Toxicity of environmental solvent exposure for brain, lung and heart
Kaye H. Kilburn, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
20 SUBSTITUTION OF SOLVENTS BY SAFER PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES
20.1 Supercritical solvents
Aydin K. Sunol, Sermin G. Sunol, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
20.2 Ionic liquids
D.W. Rooney and Johan Jacquemin, School of Chemistry, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
20.3 Deep eutectic solvents and their applications as new green reaction media
Joaquin Garcia-Alvarez, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
20.4 Novel applications of the bio-based solvent ethyl lactate in chemical technology
David Villanueva-Bermejo, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada and Tiziana Fornari, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
21 SOLVENT RECYCLING, REMOVAL, AND DEGRADATION
21.1 Absorptive solvent recovery
Klaus-Dirk Henning, CarboTech Aktivkohlen GmbH, Essen, Germany
21.2 Recovery versus incineration
Danilo Alexander Figueroa Paredes and José Espinosa. INGAR, Avellaneda, Argentina and Antonio Amelio, Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering), Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
21.3 Solvent recovery, recycling, and incineration
George Wypych
ChemTec Laboratories, Toronto, Canada
21.4 Application of solar photocatalytic oxidation to VOC-containing airstreams
K. A. Magrini, A. S. Watt, L. C. Boyd, E. J. Wolfrum, S. A. Larson,C. Roth, G. C. Glatzmaier, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
22 NATURAL ATTENUATION OF CHLORINATED SOLVENTS IN GROUND WATER
Hanadi S. Rifai, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Groundwater Services, Inc., Houston, Texas, USA; Charles J. Newell Todd H. Wiedemeier, Parson Engineering Science, Denver, CO, USA
Moffett Field, CA
Index
