Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications

Preface.
List of Contributors.
1 Polyesters (Adam L. Sisson, Michael Schroeter, and Andreas Lendlein).
1.1 Historical Background.
1.2 Preparative Methods.
1.3 Physical Properties.
1.4 Degradation Mechanisms.
1.5 Beyond Classical Poly(Hydroxycarboxylic Acids).
2 Biotechnologically Produced Biodegradable Polyesters (Jaciane Lutz Ienczak and Gláucia Maria Falcão de Aragão).
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 History.
2.3 Polyhydroxyalkanoates – Granules Morphology.
2.4 Biosynthesis and Biodegradability of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) and Other Polyhydroxyalkanoates.
2.5 Extraction and Recovery.
2.6 Physical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of Polyhydroxyalkanoates.
2.7 Future Directions.
3 Polyanhydrides (Avi Domb, Jay Prakash Jain, and Neeraj Kumar).
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Types of Polyanhydride.
3.3 Synthesis.
3.4 Properties.
3.5 In Vitro Degradation and Erosion of Polyanhydrides.
3.6 In Vivo Degradation and Elimination of Polyanhydrides.
3.7 Toxicological Aspects of Polyanhydrides.
3.8 Fabrication of Delivery Systems.
3.9 Production and World Market.
3.10 Biomedical Applications.
4 Poly(Ortho Esters) (Jorge Heller).
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 POE II.
4.3 POE IV.
4.4 Solid Polymers.
4.5 Gel-Like Materials.
4.6 Polymers Based on an Alternate Diketene Acetal.
4.7 Conclusions.
5 Biodegradable Polymers Composed of Naturally Occurring α-Amino Acids (Ramaz Katsarava and Zaza Gomurashvili).
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Amino Acid-Based Biodegradable Polymers (AABBPs).
5.3 Conclusion and Perspectives.
References.
6 Biodegradable Polyurethanes and Poly(ester amide)s (Alfonso Rodríguez-Galán, Lourdes Franco, and Jordi Puiggalí).
Abbreviations.
6.1 Chemistry and Properties of Biodegradable Polyurethanes.
6.2 Biodegradation Mechanisms of Polyurethanes.
6.3 Applications of Biodegradable Polyurethanes.
6.4 New Polymerization Trends to Obtain Degradable Polyurethanes.
6.5 Aliphatic Poly(ester amide)s: A Family of Biodegradable Thermoplastics with Interest as New Biomaterials.
Acknowledgments.
References.
7 Carbohydrates (Gerald Dräger, Andreas Krause, Lena Möller, and Severian Dumitriu).
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 Alginate.
7.3 Carrageenan.
7.4 Cellulose and Its Derivatives.
7.5 Microbial Cellulose.
7.6 Chitin and Chitosan.
7.7 Dextran.
7.8 Gellan.
7.9 Guar Gum.
7.10 Hyaluronic Acid (Hyaluronan).
7.11 Pullulan.
7.12 Scleroglucan.
7.13 Xanthan.
7.14 Summary.
Acknowledgments.
In Memoriam.
References.
8 Biodegradable Shape-Memory Polymers (Marc Behl, Jörg Zotzmann, Michael Schroeter, and Andreas Lendlein).
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 General Concept of SMPs.
8.3 Classes of Degradable SMPs.
8.4 Applications of Biodegradable SMPs.
9 Biodegradable Elastic Hydrogels for Tissue Expander Application (Thanh Huyen Tran, John Garner, Yourong Fu, Kinam Park, and Kang Moo Huh).
9.1 Introduction.
9.2 Synthesis of Elastic Hydrogels.
9.3 Physical Properties of Elastic Hydrogels.
9.4 Applications of Elastic Hydrogels.
9.5 Elastic Hydrogels for Tissue Expander Applications.
9.6 Conclusion.


10 Biodegradable Dendrimers and Dendritic Polymers (Jayant Khandare and Sanjay Kumar).
10.1 Introduction.
10.2 Challenges for Designing Biodegradable Dendrimers.
10.3 Design of Self-Immolative Biodegradable Dendrimers.
10.4 Biological Implications of Biodegradable Dendrimers.
10.5 Future Perspectives of Biodegradable Dendrimers.
10.6 Concluding Remarks.
11 Analytical Methods for Monitoring Biodegradation Processes of Environmentally Degradable Polymers (Maarten van der Zee).
11.1 Introduction.
11.2 Some Background.
11.3 Defining Biodegradability.
11.4 Mechanisms of Polymer Degradation.
11.5 Measuring Biodegradation of Polymers.
11.6 Conclusions.
12 Modeling and Simulation of Microbial Depolymerization Processes of Xenobiotic Polymers (Masaji Watanabe and Fusako Kawai).
12.1 Introduction.
12.2 Analysis of Exogenous Depolymerization.
12.3 Materials and Methods.
12.4 Analysis of Endogenous Depolymerization.
12.5 Discussion.
Acknowledgments.
References.
13 Regenerative Medicine: Reconstruction of Tracheal and Pharyngeal Mucosal Defects in Head and Neck Surgery (Dorothee Rickert, Bernhard Hiebl, Rosemarie Fuhrmann, Friedrich Jung, Andreas Lendlein, and Ralf-Peter Franke).
13.1 Introduction.
13.2 Regenerative Medicine for the Reconstruction of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract.
13.3 Methods and Novel Therapeutical Options in Head and Neck Surgery.
13.4 Vascularization of Tissue-Engineered Constructs.
13.5 Application of Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine.
13.6 Conclusion.
14 Biodegradable Polymers as Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering (Yoshito Ikada).
Abbreviations.
14.1 Introduction.
14.2 Short Overview of Regenerative Biology.
14.3 Minimum Requirements for Tissue Engineering.
14.4 Structure of Scaffolds.
14.5 Biodegradable Polymers for Tissue Engineering.
14.6 Some Examples of Clinical Application of Scaffold.
15 Drug Delivery Systems (Kevin M. Shakesheff).
15.1 Introduction.
15.2 The Clinical Need for Drug Delivery Systems.
15.3 Poly(α-Hydroxyl Acids).
15.4 Polyanhydrides.
15.5 Manufacturing Routes.
15.6 Examples of Biodegradable Polymer Drug Delivery Systems Under Development.
15.7 Concluding Remarks.
16 Oxo-biodegradable Polymers: Present Status and Future Perspectives (Emo Chiellini, Andrea Corti, Salvatore D’Antone, and David Mckeen Wiles).
16.1 Introduction.
16.2 Controlled – Lifetime Plastics.
16.3 The Abiotic Oxidation of Polyolefins.
16.4 Enhanced Oxo-biodegradation of Polyolefins.
16.5 Processability and Recovery of Oxo-biodegradable Polyolefins.
16.6 Concluding Remarks.
References.
Index.