Handbook of Fillers. Volume 1. Properties of Fillers. 6th Edition
Author: George Wypych
ISBN 978-1-77467-066-8
Figures: 394
Tables: 142
Pages: 782+x
6th Edition
This handbook directly compares general-purpose fillers (micron-size fillers) and nanofillers. To update the 6th edition of this comprehensive handbook, all important research papers out of the 85,000 papers published from 2020 to 2025, technical data from over 250 filler and equipment manufacturing companies, and current patent literature were reviewed.
The book is designed to be a single source of information for an experienced practitioner and a reference text for students and those new to the fields where fillers are used. This means that even the most complex subjects are presented in simple language in an easy-to-understand way. The previous editions, used by a very large number of readers (the book is one of the most frequently read books in the area of polymer applications), do not contain essential developments of extensive research on fillers of the last six years, especially those related to nanofillers, graphene, and other novelty products but also related to more common properties or applications which were extensively researched in the current years.
In most applications, fillers are no longer used as cost-saving additives; they add value to the final products, and many products cannot be successfully designed without them. This reference book is a powerful tool for today’s challenges, which can only be met by those equipped with extensive, multifaceted knowledge and information.
The book had to be split into two volumes because of the enormous scope of the most recent information:
Volume 1. Properties of Fillers
Volume 2. Applications of Fillers
Both volumes are complementary and required for understanding and implementing the benefits of filler use.
This volume is dedicated to discussing the properties of fillers, providing a deep understanding of their diverse functions in materials that can lead to a well-designed material formulation. The volume begins with an introduction that defines the terms and methods of classification of fillers, typical properties, and expectations from fillers, and it analyzes markets and trends.
In the next section, over 100 groups of fillers are presented by their average properties and available data, a list of manufacturers, brand names and grades, applications of groups of fillers in products and polymers, and an illustration of their major advantages. This is followed by methods of transportation, storage, and processing in manufacturer facilities, as well as methods of quality control of fillers.
The final section contains chapters discussing the physical properties of fillers (37 different properties) and their chemical properties, the influence of fillers on the performance of other additives and vice versa, testing methods of filler systems, and health and safety related to the use and processing of fillers.
To summarize, significant features of this handbook are:
· Comprehensive review of the literature
· The most current information
· Information required by scientists, engineers, marketing, sales, and students given in one source
· All aspects of filler properties, effects, and application were thoroughly reviewed
· Contains all available information to decide on what can be done by traditional fillers and where nanotechnology excels
In addition to this book, two monographs have recently been published, including Graphene—Important Results and Applications and Functional Fillers: Chemical composition, morphology, performance, and application. Both books concentrate on specific areas of filler technology and are an excellent addition to this most comprehensive source of knowledge on fillers ever published.
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Expectations from fillers
1.2 Typical filler properties
1.3 Definitions
1.4 Classification
1.5 Markets and trends
References
2 SOURCES OF FILLERS, THEIR CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES, AND MORPHOLOGY
2.1 Particulate Fillers
2.1.1 Aluminum flakes and powders
2.1.2 Aluminum borate whiskers
2.1.3 Aluminum nitride
2.1.4 Aluminum oxide
2.1.5 Aluminum trihydroxide
2.1.6 Anthracite
2.1.7 Antimonate of sodium
2.1.8 Antimony pentoxide
2.1.8 Antimony trioxide
2.1.10 Ammonium octamolybdate
2.1.11 Apatite
2.1.12 Ash, fly
2.1.13 Attapulgite
2.1.14 Barium metaborate
2.1.15 Barium sulfate
2.1.16 Barium & strontium sulfates
2.1.17 Barium titanate
2.1.18 Bentonite
2.1.19 Beryllium oxide
2.1.20 Boron nitride
2.1.21 Calcium carbonate
2.1.22 Calcium fluoride
2.1.23 Calcium hydroxide
2.1.24 Calcium phosphate
2.1.25 Calcium silicate
2.1.26 Calcium sulfate
2.1.27 Carbon black
2.1.28 Carbonyl iron powder
2.1.29 Cellulose particles
2.1.30 Ceramic beads
2.1.31 Chitosan
2.1.32 Clamshell powder
2.1.33 Clay
2.1.34 Cobalt powder
2.1.35 Copper
2.1.36 Corn cob powder
2.1.37 Cristobalite
2.1.38 Diatomaceous earth
2.1.39 Dolomite
2.1.40 Eggshell filler
2.1.41 Ferrites
2.1.42 Feldspar
2.1.43 Gandolinium oxide
2.1.44 Glass beads
2.1.45 Gold
2.1.46 Graphene
2.1.47 Graphene oxide
2.1.48 Graphite
2.1.49 Ground tire powder
2.1.50 Halloysite
2.1.51 Huntite
2.1.52 Hydrous calcium silicate
2.1.53 Illite
2.1.54 Iron
2.1.55 Iron oxide
2.1.56 Kaolin
2.1.57 Lead oxide
2.1.58 Lithopone
2.1.59 Magnesium oxide
2.1.60 Magnesium hydroxide
2.1.61 Magnetite
2.1.62 Metal-containing conductive materials
2.1.63 Mica
2.1.64 Molybdenum
2.1.65 Molybdenum disulfide
2.1.66 Molybdic oxide
2.1.67 Nanofillers
2.1.68 Nickel
2.1.69 Nickel oxide
2.1.70 Nickel zinc ferrite
2.1.71 Nutshell powder
2.1.72 Perlite
2.1.73 Polymeric fillers
2.1.74 Potassium hexatitanate whiskers
2.1.75 Pumice
2.1.76 Pyrophyllite
2.1.77 Rubber particles
2.1.78 Sepiolite
2.1.79 Silica
2.1.79.1 Fumed silica
2.1.79.2 Fused silica
2.1.79.3 Precipitated silica
2.1.79.4 Quartz (Tripoli)
2.1.79.5 Sand
2.1.79.6 Silica gel
2.1.80 Silicon carbide
2.1.81 Silicon nitride
2.1.82 Silver powder and flakes
2.1.83 Slate flour
2.1.84 Talc
2.1.85 Titanium dioxide
2.1.86 Tungsten
2.1.87 Vermiculite
2.1.88 Wollastonite
2.1.89 Wood flour and similar materials
2.1.90 Zeolites
2.1.91 Zinc borate
2.1.92 Zinc oxide
2.1.93 Zinc stannate
2.1.94 Zinc sulfide
2.2 Fibers
2.2.1 Aramid fibers
2.2.2 Carbon fibers
2.2.3 Carbon nanotubes
2.2.4 Cellulose fibers
2.2.5 Glass fibers
2.2.6 Other fibers
References
3 FILLERS TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE, AND PROCESSING
3.1 Filler packaging
3.2 External transportation
3.3 Filler receiving
3.4 Storage
3.5 In-plant conveying
3.6 Semi-bulk unloading systems
3.7 Bag handling equipment
3.8 Blending
3.9 Feeding
3.10 Drying
3.11 Dispersion
References
4 QUALITY CONTROL OF FILLERS
4.1 Absorption coefficient
4.2 Acidity or alkalinity of water extract
4.3 Ash content
4.4 Brightness
4.5 Coarse particles
4.6 Color
4.7 CTAB surface area
4.8 Density
4.9 Electrical properties
4.10 Extractables
4.11 Fines content
4.12 Heating loss
4.13 Heat stability
4.14 Hegman fineness
4.15 Hiding power
4.16 Iodine absorption number
4.17 Lightening power of white pigments
4.18 Loss on ignition
4.19 Mechanical and related properties
4.20 Oil absorption
4.21 Particle size
4.22 Pellet strength
4.23 pH
4.24 Resistance to light
4.25 Resistivity of aqueous extract
4.26 Sieve residue
4.27 Soluble matter
4.28 Specific surface area
4.29 Sulfur content
4.30 Tamped volume
4.31 Tinting strength
4.32 Volatile matter
4.33 Water content
4.34 Water-soluble sulfates, chlorides and nitrates
References
5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FILLERS AND FILLED MATERIALS
5.1 Density
5.2 Particle size
5.3 Particle size distribution
5.4 Particle shape
5.5 Particle surface morphology and roughness
5.6 Specific surface area
5.7 Porosity
5.8 Particle-particle interaction and spacing
5.9 Agglomerates
5.10 Aggregates and structure
5.11 Flocculation and sedimentation
5.12 Aspect ratio
5.13 Packing volume
5.14 pH
5.15 Zeta-potential
5.16 Surface energy
5.17 Moisture
5.18 Absorption of liquids and swelling
5.19 Permeability and barrier properties
5.20 Oil absorption
5.21 Hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties
5.22 Optical properties
5.23 Refractive index
5.24 Friction properties
5.25 Hardness
5.26 Intumescent properties
5.27 Thermal conductivity
5.28 Thermal expansion coefficient
5.29 Thermal degradation
5.30 Melting temperature
5.31 Glass transition temperature
5.32 Electrical properties
5.33 Relative permittivity
5.34 Electrical percolation
5.35 EMI shielding
5.36 Magnetic properties
5.37 Shape memory
References
6 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FILLERS AND FILLED MATERIALS
6.1 Reactivity
6.2 Chemical groups on the filler surface
6.3 Filler surface modification
6.4 Filler modification and material properties
6.5 Resistance to various chemicals
6.6 Cure in fillers presence
6.7 Polymerization in fillers presence
6.8 Grafting
6.9 Crosslink density
6.10 Reaction kinetics
6.11 Molecular mobility
References
7 INFLUENCE OF FILLERS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF OTHER ADDITIVES AND VICE VERSA
7.1 Adhesion promoters
7.2 Antistatics
7.3 Blowing agents
7.4 Catalysts
7.5 Compatibilizers
7.6 Coupling agents
7.7 Dispersing agents and surface active agents
7.8 Flame retardants
7.9 Impact modifiers
7.10 UV stabilizers
7.11 Other additives
References
8 TESTING METHODS IN FILLED SYSTEMS
8.1 Physical methods
8.1.1 Atomic force microscopy
8.1.2 Autoignition test
8.1.3 Bound rubber
8.1.4 Char formation
8.1.5 Cone calorimetry
8.1.6 Contact angle
8.1.7 Dispersing agent requirement
8.1.8 Dispersion tests
8.1.9 Dripping test
8.1.10 Dynamic mechanical analysis
8.1.11 Electric constants determination
8.1.12 Electron microscopy
8.1.13 Fiber orientation
8.1.14 Flame propagation test
8.1.15 Glow wire test
8.1.16 Image analysis
8.1.17 Limiting oxygen index
8.1.18 Magnetic properties
8.1.19 Optical microscopy
8.1.20 Particle size analysis
8.1.21 Radiant panel test
8.1.22 Rate of combustion
8.1.23 Scanning acoustic microscopy
8.1.24 Smoke chamber
8.1.25 Sonic methods
8.1.26 Specific surface area
8.1.27 Thermal analysis
8.2 Chemical and instrumental analysis
8.2.1 Electron spin resonance
8.2.2 Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
8.2.3 Inverse gas chromatography
8.2.4 Gas chromatography
8.2.5 Gel content
8.2.6 Infrared and Raman spectroscopy
8.2.7 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
8.2.8 UV and visible spectophotometry
8.2.9 X-ray analysis
References
9 HAZARDS IN FILLER USE
References
INDEX
Wypych has PhD Eng. The professional expertise includes university teaching (full professor) and research & development (university and corporate). He has published 48 books (PVC Plastisols, Wroclaw University Press; Polyvinylchloride Degradation, Elsevier; Polyvinylchloride Stabilization, Elsevier; Polymer Modified Textile Materials, Wiley & Sons; Handbook of Material Weathering, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th Edition, ChemTec Publishing; Handbook of Fillers, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Edition, ChemTec Publishing; Recycling of PVC, ChemTec Publishing; Weathering of Plastics. Testing to Mirror Real Life Performance, Plastics Design Library, Handbook of Solvents, Vol. 1. Properties 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Solvents, Vol. 2. Health & Environment 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Plasticizers, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Antistatics, 1st and 2nd Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Antistatics, 1st and 2nd Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Antiblocking, Release and Slip Additives, 1st , 2nd and 3rd Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Industrial Solvents in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (two editions), John Wiley & Sons, PVC Degradation & Stabilization, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Editions, ChemTec Publishing, The PVC Formulary, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Material Biodegradation, Biodeterioration, and Biostabilization, 1st and 2nd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of UV Degradation and Stabilization, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Polymers, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Atlas of Material Damage, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Odors in Plastic Materials, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Solvents (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Blowing and Auxiliary Agents, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Foaming and Blowing Agents (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Green Solvents, ChemTec Publishing (two editions), Self-healing Products (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Adhesion Promoters (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Surface Modification Additives (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Surface Improvement and Modification (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Graphene – Important Results and Applications, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Curatives and Crosslinkers, ChemTec Publishing, Chain Mobility and Progress in Medicine, Pharmaceutical, Polymer Science and Technology, Impact of Award, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Antioxidants, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Antioxidants, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of UV Stabilizers (two Editions), ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Flame Retardants, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Nucleating Agents, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Flame Retardants, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Nucleating Agents, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Polymers in Electronics, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Impact Modifiers, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Rheological Additives, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Impact Modifiers, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Rheological Additives, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Polymer Processing Additives, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Polymer Processing Additives, ChemTec Publishing, Functional Fillers (two editions), 2 databases (Solvents Database, 1st, 2nd, 3rd Edition and Database of Antistatics 1st and 2nd Edition, both by ChemTec Publishing), and 42 scientific papers and obtained 16 patents. He specializes in PVC, polymer additives, material durability, and the development of sealants and coatings. He was included in the Dictionary of International Biography, Who's Who in Plastics and Polymers, and Who's Who in Engineering, and was selected International Man of the Year 1996-1997 in recognition of services to education.
