Polymers and Plastics

Utech 2000

$300.00

{"id":11242258500,"title":"Utech 2000","handle":"978-1-85957-206-1","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: Conference Proceedings \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-85957-206-1 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eNetherlands Congress Centre, The Hague, The Netherlands, 28th-30th March, 2000\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003epages 460\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nWith the UTECH 2000 event, Crain Communications Ltd, the creators of the UTECH concept, joined forces with ISOPA, the European Isocyanate Producers Association, to produce the most inspirational and informative experience in the polyurethane industry’s calendar. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe book covers a wide range of topics and outlines some of the latest developments in the use of polyurethane materials and technology from many of the world’s leading specialists. Several of the presentations also give details of the growing requirements of the polyurethane industry’s downstream customers, offering valuable insights into future demands. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe only major polyurethane meeting in the world in 2000, with a brand new format. This three day conference is designed to broaden minds and horizons across the entire industry. The programme of this key event will appeal to a wide spectrum of participants, from commercial strategists to technical innovators. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe papers at this ninth such event detail some of the massive strides the industry has made in meeting the exacting technical demands of its wide range of industrial customers in all of the key application sectors. The presentations provide an invaluable guide to the various technical advances and show the depth of expertise of these specialists as well as willingness to share often hard-worked experitise. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSessions included on: \u003cbr\u003e-Automotive \u003cbr\u003e-Appliance \u003cbr\u003e- Furnishing \u003cbr\u003e-Construction \u003cbr\u003e-Polyurethanes and Sustainable Development \u003cbr\u003e-Case: Coating, Adhesives, Sealants and Elastomers Rigid Foam Developments Other \u003cbr\u003e-Rigid Foam Developments \u003cbr\u003e-Automotive Developments \u003cbr\u003e-Flexible Foam Innovations\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e","published_at":"2017-06-22T21:15:39-04:00","created_at":"2017-06-22T21:15:39-04:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2000","adhesives","appliance","automotive","book","coating","construction","elastomers","flexible foam","furnishing","p-chemistry","polymer","polyurethane","rigid foam","sealants"],"price":30000,"price_min":30000,"price_max":30000,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":43378506628,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Utech 2000","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":30000,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-1-85957-206-1","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[]}],"images":[],"featured_image":null,"options":["Title"],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: Conference Proceedings \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-85957-206-1 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eNetherlands Congress Centre, The Hague, The Netherlands, 28th-30th March, 2000\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003epages 460\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nWith the UTECH 2000 event, Crain Communications Ltd, the creators of the UTECH concept, joined forces with ISOPA, the European Isocyanate Producers Association, to produce the most inspirational and informative experience in the polyurethane industry’s calendar. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe book covers a wide range of topics and outlines some of the latest developments in the use of polyurethane materials and technology from many of the world’s leading specialists. Several of the presentations also give details of the growing requirements of the polyurethane industry’s downstream customers, offering valuable insights into future demands. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe only major polyurethane meeting in the world in 2000, with a brand new format. This three day conference is designed to broaden minds and horizons across the entire industry. The programme of this key event will appeal to a wide spectrum of participants, from commercial strategists to technical innovators. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe papers at this ninth such event detail some of the massive strides the industry has made in meeting the exacting technical demands of its wide range of industrial customers in all of the key application sectors. The presentations provide an invaluable guide to the various technical advances and show the depth of expertise of these specialists as well as willingness to share often hard-worked experitise. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSessions included on: \u003cbr\u003e-Automotive \u003cbr\u003e-Appliance \u003cbr\u003e- Furnishing \u003cbr\u003e-Construction \u003cbr\u003e-Polyurethanes and Sustainable Development \u003cbr\u003e-Case: Coating, Adhesives, Sealants and Elastomers Rigid Foam Developments Other \u003cbr\u003e-Rigid Foam Developments \u003cbr\u003e-Automotive Developments \u003cbr\u003e-Flexible Foam Innovations\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e"}

Utech Asia 99

$95.00

{"id":11242258244,"title":"Utech Asia 99","handle":"978-1-85957-157-6","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: Conference \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-85957-157-6 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThe Utech Asia 99 conference book of papers is a compilation of more than 50 major presentations detailing the recent developments in polyurethane technology. The papers from this conference detail some of the massive strides the industry has made in meeting the exacting technical demands of its wide range of industrial customers in all key application sectors.","published_at":"2017-06-22T21:15:38-04:00","created_at":"2017-06-22T21:15:38-04:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["1999","book","p-chemistry","polymer","polyurethanes"],"price":9500,"price_min":9500,"price_max":9500,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":43378502980,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Utech Asia 99","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":9500,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-1-85957-157-6","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[]}],"images":[],"featured_image":null,"options":["Title"],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: Conference \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-85957-157-6 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThe Utech Asia 99 conference book of papers is a compilation of more than 50 major presentations detailing the recent developments in polyurethane technology. The papers from this conference detail some of the massive strides the industry has made in meeting the exacting technical demands of its wide range of industrial customers in all key application sectors."}

Weathering of Plastics...

$200.00

{"id":11242220740,"title":"Weathering of Plastics. Testing to Mirror Real Life Performance","handle":"1-884207-75-8","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: George Wypych \u003cbr\u003e10-ISBN 1-884207-75-8 \u003cbr\u003e13-ISBN 978-1-884207-75-4\u003cbr\u003epages: 325, figures: 206, tables: 69\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nBefore synthetic materials found a place in our lives, men and women relied on natural materials to build their houses, churches, buildings, to make their clothing and all other articles which societies required. These \"traditional\" materials were used with little or no chemical conversion. Natural forces determined which materials were durable and which were perishable. Our forebears learned by observing natural effects which materials should be used for long-term use and which were disposable. At the end of their useful life, disposal of the articles caused little environmental impact as these natural products once again became part of nature.\u003cbr\u003eToday we have become engulfed with products and materials made from materials extensively modified from their original, natural state. These modifications are often done in chemically irreversible ways. We want the products to be durable over their useful life but we also want them to be returned to nature when we no longer need them. We hope that their disposal will not cause pollution. We need our water to be pure, our air to be safe to breathe, and our soil to be uncontaminated.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eConflicts abound. If we are to resolve them and continue to use synthetic materials responsibly, we must plan carefully and gain a complete understanding of how materials will perform and degrade. In particular we must be able to understand how materials weather, what the by-products of weathering are and how materials can be transformed into non-polluting entities either through recycling or natural disposal. Terms such as \"life cycle assessment\", \"recyclable\", \"biodegradable\" and \"lifetime warranty\" slip easily off our tongues. We need to bring weathering testing to the point at which reliable testing and investigative studies can enable us to use these and related terms with complete confidence.\u003cbr\u003eIn spite of the efforts of research groups, standardization organizations and industry, there is much to be done to bring weathering testing to the level that will allow the results to predict the life of materials. There must be a willingness among the involved parties to cooperate and a comprehensive body of information to support their efforts.\u003cbr\u003eThis book is a contribution to the information base to assist the scientific efforts aimed at improving the knowledge of weathering.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOne aim of this book is to provide a critical overview of methods and findings based on experimental work. Another is to create an awareness of the effect of the combined action of all the weather variables on materials under study.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe introductory chapter outlines experimental design techniques and equipment selection and emphasizes the importance of selecting the basic parameters of weathering including:\u003cbr\u003eUV radiation\u003cbr\u003etemperature of the specimens\u003cbr\u003erainfall and condensed moisture\u003cbr\u003ehumidity\u003cbr\u003epollutants\u003cbr\u003estress\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe book is structured to illustrate the importance of these parameters on weathering studies. Throughout the book, the authors attempt to show that weathering is not only dependent on UV radiation but that the overall effect depends on the interplay of all parameters which create a unique sequence of events that will change if the parameters are changed. The lack of correlation between laboratory and outdoor exposure is frequently caused by combinations of factors among which the improper selection of laboratory conditions is prime.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAfter the introduction we discuss the choices available for outdoor weather testing. This relates laboratory tests to tests outdoors so that there may be correlation with natural conditions. The importance of precise control of both UV spectral intensity, temperature and heat flow is demonstrated in Boxhammer's careful use of available equipment and by studies done on automotive components.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe recent availability of the CIRA filters and the continued use of borosilicate filters now permits accurate duplication of solar radiation. The chapter by Summers and Rabinovitch shows how radiation wavelength impacts the performance of several polymers. The manufacturers of weathering equipment can perfectly simulate the solar spectrum. Researchers now must take advantage of these developments. We show that failure to duplicate the solar spectrum invalidates the experiment. The failure is caused by energy input, temperature, moisture, and radiative effects. These parameters should not differ in the experiment from that of natural exposure.\u003cbr\u003eWe compare the two most common artificial light sources - xenon arc and fluorescent lamps. The automotive, textile, polymer and stabilizer industries use xenon arc which gives the full spectrum of solar radiation (UV, visible, and near infrared). The use of fluorescent lamps, which lack the spectral range of the xenon arc, should be discouraged except in special cases where the known mechanisms for degradation are triggered only by radiation between 295 nm to 350 nm. Several industries report problems stemming from studies done with fluorescent lamps which fail to correlate with actual outdoor exposure.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWater spray during weathering studies has often been neglected. The reported work on co-polyester sheeting shows how complex material changes can be in the presence of water. More work is urgently needed to determine how humidity and condensation influence material degradation. Two contributions from the Edison Welding Institute have been included to demonstrate the effect of infrared energy and how different materials absorb this energy differently. In particular, the inclusion of pigments complicates infrared absorption. The chapter by Hardcastle shows how an evaluation of performance requirements helps to define a method of predicting the maximum allowable service temperature of vinyls based on measurements of their solar reflectance.\u003cbr\u003eProducts in service operate under mechanical stress due both to residual stresses developed during the forming process and to external stress in use. It has long been recognized that stress affects weathering but little has been done to evaluate the effect. Two chapters by White et al. propose methods of evaluating the effects of stress in weathering studies. These effects are complex since the initial stress distribution changes during exposure and this requires a knowledge of the kinetics of these changes. A similar situation exists with respect to the effects of pollutants. We know they influence weathering but there are few studies that assess their influence. Paterna et al. examine gas fading of automotive components in the presence of nitrous oxides. More elaborate techniques must be developed to evaluate the combined effects of UV radiation, moisture, temperature and pollutants on products to simulate outdoor applications. It is unrealistic to study these influencing factors independently.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTwo studies on the effects of high energy radiation have been included to demonstrate well defined projects which evaluated material failures and determined the activation energies of the degradation process for many materials, explained why degradation occurred in industrial sterilization, and determined how such degradation might be prevented.\u003cbr\u003eAssessment of automotive clearcoats and nanocomposites show that current test methods are sufficiently accurate, sensitive and suitable to detect degradation at an early stage of exposure. This is another area where more investigative work is needed. The benefit of this approach lies in gaining information early in the product development process using the equivalent of natural conditions without depending on the use of high energy radiation, often employed in accelerated testing, which causes degradation mechanisms which would not normally occur.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSeveral contributors emphasize other complexities which must be dealt with in weathering studies. The materials themselves are complex. Many contain additives which interact with the host, the substrates and one another in a weathering situation. Conclusions may err if they are based on an inaccurate knowledge of the real composition of the material under study. Even the manufacturer may be unaware of the true composition as composite additives may have proprietary compositions which are not disclosed. Many fundamental studies are needed to investigate the interactions of multi-component systems and to unravel the effects of processing aids which may be added without knowledge of their effects or interactions. Such practices may lead to unexpected and possibly, catastrophic, failures which would remain undetected in routine research and quality control operations.\u003cbr\u003eThe stabilizer manufacturers have, as an industry, made a significant contribution to weathering testing methods. There are several chapters from these sources. They show that their reports to their customers are meticulous in relating the results of evaluations to the conditions of the test. Their approach is conservative in selecting both equipment and test conditions. The tests are expensive. They must relate to the real conditions of use and results should be comparable to those of prior tests. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe book concludes with an example of the type of ground work and planning that is required before routine analysis begins. Using work on automotive clearcoats, we demonstrate how information must be analyzed and categorized to provide a rationale for testing, defining performance requirements, exposure conditions, mechanisms of degradation and how best to observe and measure the changes in specimens. Information gleaned from field performance is used to determine the appropriate laboratory simulations. If this preparatory work is not done the subsequent testing efforts are unlikely to yield useful data and be of little use in predicting future product performance.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOne final comment. Manufacturers must operate to meet economic goals. Industry as a whole is becoming increasingly competitive and is continually seeking ways to rationalize production methods to improve economics. Materials from different industries compete for the same markets. Durability has become one of the most important characteristics. The product is either made from an inherently durable material or it receives an external coating which gives the required durability. The first approach is more consistent with recycling processes which generally have difficulty in dealing with multi-component mixtures. As the understanding of weathering increases we may learn how to more frequently select a durable substrate which will not require the complication and cost (initial and recycling) of a surface coating. The economic answer would seem to lie in making the investment in weathering research to avoid the costs of material replacement and material failures.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONTENTS\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e• Preface\u003cbr\u003e• Basic Parameters in Weathering Studies\u003cbr\u003e• Choices in the Design of Outdoor Weathering Tests\u003cbr\u003e• A Comparison of New and Established Accelerated Weathering Devices in Aging Studies of Polymeric Materials at Elevated Irradiance and Temperature\u003cbr\u003e• Current Status of Light and Weather Fastness Standards—New Equipment Technologies, Operating Procedures and Application of Standard Reference Materials\u003cbr\u003e• Weatherability of Vinyl and Other Plastics\u003cbr\u003e• Aging Conditions' Effect on UV Durability\u003cbr\u003e• Molecular Weight Loss and Chemical Changes in Copolyester Sheeting with Outdoor Exposure\u003cbr\u003e• Fourier Transform Infrared Micro Spectroscopy: Mapping Studies of Weather PVC Capstock Type Formulations\u003cbr\u003eII: Outdoor Weathering in Pennsylvania\u003cbr\u003e• Effects of Water Spray and Irradiance Level on Changes in Copolyester Sheeting with Xenon Arc Exposure\u003cbr\u003e• Hot Water Resistance of Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics\u003cbr\u003eSurface Temperatures and Temperature Measurement Techniques on the Level of Exposed Samples during Irradiation\/Weathering in Equipment\u003cbr\u003e• Infrared Welding of Thermoplastics: Characterization of Transmission Behavior of Eleven Thermoplastics\u003cbr\u003e• Infrared Welding of Thermoplastics\u003cbr\u003e• Colored Pigments and Carbon Black Levels on Transmission of Infrared Radiation\u003cbr\u003e• Predicting Maximum Field Service Temperatures from Solar Reflectance Measurements of Vinyl\u003cbr\u003e• Residual Stress Distribution Modification Caused by Weathering\u003cbr\u003e• Residual Stress Development in Marine Coatings under Simulated Service Conditions\u003cbr\u003e• Balancing the Color and Physical Property Retention of Polyolefins Through the Use of High Performance Stabilizer Systems\u003cbr\u003e• Activation Energies of Polymer Degradation\u003cbr\u003e• Failure Progression and Mechanisms of Irradiated Polypropylenes and Other Medical Polymers\u003cbr\u003e• Chemical Assessment of Automotive Clearcoat Weathering\u003cbr\u003e• Effect of Aging on Mineral-Filled Nanocomposites\u003cbr\u003e• The Influence of Degraded, Recycled PP on Incompatible Blends\u003cbr\u003e• Interactions of Hindered Amine Stabilizers in Acidic and Alkaline Environments\u003cbr\u003e• Interactions of Pesticides and Stabilizers in PE Films for Agricultural Use\u003cbr\u003e• The Influence of Co-Additive Interactions on Stabilizer Performance\u003cbr\u003e• New High Performance Light Stabilizer Systems for Molded-in Color TPOs: An Update\u003cbr\u003e• Stabilization of Polyolefins by Photoreactive Light Stabilizers\u003cbr\u003e• Effect of Stabilizer on Photo-Degradation Depth Profile\u003cbr\u003e• New Light Stabilizer for Coextruded Polycarbonate Sheet\u003cbr\u003e• Ultraviolet Light Resistance of Vinyl Miniblinds\u003cbr\u003e• Reaction Products Formed by Lead in Air\u003cbr\u003e• Case Studies of Inadvertent Interactions between Polymers and Devices in Field Applications\u003cbr\u003e• Automotive Clear Coats\u003cbr\u003e• Index\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eAbout Author\u003c\/h5\u003e\nGeorge Wypych has a Ph. D. in chemical engineering. His professional expertise includes both university teaching (full professor) and research \u0026amp; development. He has published 17 books: PVC Plastisols, (University Press); Polyvinylchloride Degradation, (Elsevier); Polyvinylchloride Stabilization, (Elsevier); Polymer Modified Textile Materials, (Wiley \u0026amp; Sons); Handbook of Material Weathering, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Editions, (ChemTec Publishing); Handbook of Fillers, 1st, 2nd and 3rd Editions, (ChemTec Publishing); Recycling of PVC, (ChemTec Publishing); Weathering of Plastics. Testing to Mirror Real Life Performance, (Plastics Design Library), Handbook of Solvents, Handbook of Plasticizers, Handbook of Antistatics, Handbook of Antiblocking, Release, and Slip Additives (1st and 2nd Editions), PVC Degradation \u0026amp; Stabilization, PVC Formulary, Handbook of UV Degradation and Stabilization, Handbook of Biodeterioration, Biodegradation and Biostabilization, and Handbook of Polymers (all by ChemTec Publishing), 47 scientific papers, and he has obtained 16 patents. He specializes in polymer additives, polymer processing and formulation, material durability, and the development of sealants and coatings. He is included in the Dictionary of International Biography, Who's Who in Plastics and Polymers, Who's Who in Engineering, and was selected International Man of the Year 1996-1997 in recognition for his services to education.","published_at":"2018-02-15T08:34:48-05:00","created_at":"2017-06-22T21:13:44-04:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["1999","automotive","concentration","degradation rate","environmental factors","fluorescent lamps","humidity","photochemical","plastics","polymer","radiation","rain","reactive pollutants","solar radiation","stabilizer","stress","temperature","textile","UV","weathering","xenon arc"],"price":20000,"price_min":20000,"price_max":20000,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":43378372484,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Weathering of Plastics. Testing to Mirror Real Life Performance","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":20000,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[]}],"images":["\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/1-884207-75-8_bf05e005-9228-449c-b5ed-7aabd29a3b43.jpg?v=1499957311"],"featured_image":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/1-884207-75-8_bf05e005-9228-449c-b5ed-7aabd29a3b43.jpg?v=1499957311","options":["Title"],"media":[{"alt":null,"id":358842597469,"position":1,"preview_image":{"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"width":345,"src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/1-884207-75-8_bf05e005-9228-449c-b5ed-7aabd29a3b43.jpg?v=1499957311"},"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"media_type":"image","src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/1-884207-75-8_bf05e005-9228-449c-b5ed-7aabd29a3b43.jpg?v=1499957311","width":345}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: George Wypych \u003cbr\u003e10-ISBN 1-884207-75-8 \u003cbr\u003e13-ISBN 978-1-884207-75-4\u003cbr\u003epages: 325, figures: 206, tables: 69\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nBefore synthetic materials found a place in our lives, men and women relied on natural materials to build their houses, churches, buildings, to make their clothing and all other articles which societies required. These \"traditional\" materials were used with little or no chemical conversion. Natural forces determined which materials were durable and which were perishable. Our forebears learned by observing natural effects which materials should be used for long-term use and which were disposable. At the end of their useful life, disposal of the articles caused little environmental impact as these natural products once again became part of nature.\u003cbr\u003eToday we have become engulfed with products and materials made from materials extensively modified from their original, natural state. These modifications are often done in chemically irreversible ways. We want the products to be durable over their useful life but we also want them to be returned to nature when we no longer need them. We hope that their disposal will not cause pollution. We need our water to be pure, our air to be safe to breathe, and our soil to be uncontaminated.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eConflicts abound. If we are to resolve them and continue to use synthetic materials responsibly, we must plan carefully and gain a complete understanding of how materials will perform and degrade. In particular we must be able to understand how materials weather, what the by-products of weathering are and how materials can be transformed into non-polluting entities either through recycling or natural disposal. Terms such as \"life cycle assessment\", \"recyclable\", \"biodegradable\" and \"lifetime warranty\" slip easily off our tongues. We need to bring weathering testing to the point at which reliable testing and investigative studies can enable us to use these and related terms with complete confidence.\u003cbr\u003eIn spite of the efforts of research groups, standardization organizations and industry, there is much to be done to bring weathering testing to the level that will allow the results to predict the life of materials. There must be a willingness among the involved parties to cooperate and a comprehensive body of information to support their efforts.\u003cbr\u003eThis book is a contribution to the information base to assist the scientific efforts aimed at improving the knowledge of weathering.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOne aim of this book is to provide a critical overview of methods and findings based on experimental work. Another is to create an awareness of the effect of the combined action of all the weather variables on materials under study.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe introductory chapter outlines experimental design techniques and equipment selection and emphasizes the importance of selecting the basic parameters of weathering including:\u003cbr\u003eUV radiation\u003cbr\u003etemperature of the specimens\u003cbr\u003erainfall and condensed moisture\u003cbr\u003ehumidity\u003cbr\u003epollutants\u003cbr\u003estress\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe book is structured to illustrate the importance of these parameters on weathering studies. Throughout the book, the authors attempt to show that weathering is not only dependent on UV radiation but that the overall effect depends on the interplay of all parameters which create a unique sequence of events that will change if the parameters are changed. The lack of correlation between laboratory and outdoor exposure is frequently caused by combinations of factors among which the improper selection of laboratory conditions is prime.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAfter the introduction we discuss the choices available for outdoor weather testing. This relates laboratory tests to tests outdoors so that there may be correlation with natural conditions. The importance of precise control of both UV spectral intensity, temperature and heat flow is demonstrated in Boxhammer's careful use of available equipment and by studies done on automotive components.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe recent availability of the CIRA filters and the continued use of borosilicate filters now permits accurate duplication of solar radiation. The chapter by Summers and Rabinovitch shows how radiation wavelength impacts the performance of several polymers. The manufacturers of weathering equipment can perfectly simulate the solar spectrum. Researchers now must take advantage of these developments. We show that failure to duplicate the solar spectrum invalidates the experiment. The failure is caused by energy input, temperature, moisture, and radiative effects. These parameters should not differ in the experiment from that of natural exposure.\u003cbr\u003eWe compare the two most common artificial light sources - xenon arc and fluorescent lamps. The automotive, textile, polymer and stabilizer industries use xenon arc which gives the full spectrum of solar radiation (UV, visible, and near infrared). The use of fluorescent lamps, which lack the spectral range of the xenon arc, should be discouraged except in special cases where the known mechanisms for degradation are triggered only by radiation between 295 nm to 350 nm. Several industries report problems stemming from studies done with fluorescent lamps which fail to correlate with actual outdoor exposure.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWater spray during weathering studies has often been neglected. The reported work on co-polyester sheeting shows how complex material changes can be in the presence of water. More work is urgently needed to determine how humidity and condensation influence material degradation. Two contributions from the Edison Welding Institute have been included to demonstrate the effect of infrared energy and how different materials absorb this energy differently. In particular, the inclusion of pigments complicates infrared absorption. The chapter by Hardcastle shows how an evaluation of performance requirements helps to define a method of predicting the maximum allowable service temperature of vinyls based on measurements of their solar reflectance.\u003cbr\u003eProducts in service operate under mechanical stress due both to residual stresses developed during the forming process and to external stress in use. It has long been recognized that stress affects weathering but little has been done to evaluate the effect. Two chapters by White et al. propose methods of evaluating the effects of stress in weathering studies. These effects are complex since the initial stress distribution changes during exposure and this requires a knowledge of the kinetics of these changes. A similar situation exists with respect to the effects of pollutants. We know they influence weathering but there are few studies that assess their influence. Paterna et al. examine gas fading of automotive components in the presence of nitrous oxides. More elaborate techniques must be developed to evaluate the combined effects of UV radiation, moisture, temperature and pollutants on products to simulate outdoor applications. It is unrealistic to study these influencing factors independently.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTwo studies on the effects of high energy radiation have been included to demonstrate well defined projects which evaluated material failures and determined the activation energies of the degradation process for many materials, explained why degradation occurred in industrial sterilization, and determined how such degradation might be prevented.\u003cbr\u003eAssessment of automotive clearcoats and nanocomposites show that current test methods are sufficiently accurate, sensitive and suitable to detect degradation at an early stage of exposure. This is another area where more investigative work is needed. The benefit of this approach lies in gaining information early in the product development process using the equivalent of natural conditions without depending on the use of high energy radiation, often employed in accelerated testing, which causes degradation mechanisms which would not normally occur.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSeveral contributors emphasize other complexities which must be dealt with in weathering studies. The materials themselves are complex. Many contain additives which interact with the host, the substrates and one another in a weathering situation. Conclusions may err if they are based on an inaccurate knowledge of the real composition of the material under study. Even the manufacturer may be unaware of the true composition as composite additives may have proprietary compositions which are not disclosed. Many fundamental studies are needed to investigate the interactions of multi-component systems and to unravel the effects of processing aids which may be added without knowledge of their effects or interactions. Such practices may lead to unexpected and possibly, catastrophic, failures which would remain undetected in routine research and quality control operations.\u003cbr\u003eThe stabilizer manufacturers have, as an industry, made a significant contribution to weathering testing methods. There are several chapters from these sources. They show that their reports to their customers are meticulous in relating the results of evaluations to the conditions of the test. Their approach is conservative in selecting both equipment and test conditions. The tests are expensive. They must relate to the real conditions of use and results should be comparable to those of prior tests. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe book concludes with an example of the type of ground work and planning that is required before routine analysis begins. Using work on automotive clearcoats, we demonstrate how information must be analyzed and categorized to provide a rationale for testing, defining performance requirements, exposure conditions, mechanisms of degradation and how best to observe and measure the changes in specimens. Information gleaned from field performance is used to determine the appropriate laboratory simulations. If this preparatory work is not done the subsequent testing efforts are unlikely to yield useful data and be of little use in predicting future product performance.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOne final comment. Manufacturers must operate to meet economic goals. Industry as a whole is becoming increasingly competitive and is continually seeking ways to rationalize production methods to improve economics. Materials from different industries compete for the same markets. Durability has become one of the most important characteristics. The product is either made from an inherently durable material or it receives an external coating which gives the required durability. The first approach is more consistent with recycling processes which generally have difficulty in dealing with multi-component mixtures. As the understanding of weathering increases we may learn how to more frequently select a durable substrate which will not require the complication and cost (initial and recycling) of a surface coating. The economic answer would seem to lie in making the investment in weathering research to avoid the costs of material replacement and material failures.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONTENTS\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e• Preface\u003cbr\u003e• Basic Parameters in Weathering Studies\u003cbr\u003e• Choices in the Design of Outdoor Weathering Tests\u003cbr\u003e• A Comparison of New and Established Accelerated Weathering Devices in Aging Studies of Polymeric Materials at Elevated Irradiance and Temperature\u003cbr\u003e• Current Status of Light and Weather Fastness Standards—New Equipment Technologies, Operating Procedures and Application of Standard Reference Materials\u003cbr\u003e• Weatherability of Vinyl and Other Plastics\u003cbr\u003e• Aging Conditions' Effect on UV Durability\u003cbr\u003e• Molecular Weight Loss and Chemical Changes in Copolyester Sheeting with Outdoor Exposure\u003cbr\u003e• Fourier Transform Infrared Micro Spectroscopy: Mapping Studies of Weather PVC Capstock Type Formulations\u003cbr\u003eII: Outdoor Weathering in Pennsylvania\u003cbr\u003e• Effects of Water Spray and Irradiance Level on Changes in Copolyester Sheeting with Xenon Arc Exposure\u003cbr\u003e• Hot Water Resistance of Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics\u003cbr\u003eSurface Temperatures and Temperature Measurement Techniques on the Level of Exposed Samples during Irradiation\/Weathering in Equipment\u003cbr\u003e• Infrared Welding of Thermoplastics: Characterization of Transmission Behavior of Eleven Thermoplastics\u003cbr\u003e• Infrared Welding of Thermoplastics\u003cbr\u003e• Colored Pigments and Carbon Black Levels on Transmission of Infrared Radiation\u003cbr\u003e• Predicting Maximum Field Service Temperatures from Solar Reflectance Measurements of Vinyl\u003cbr\u003e• Residual Stress Distribution Modification Caused by Weathering\u003cbr\u003e• Residual Stress Development in Marine Coatings under Simulated Service Conditions\u003cbr\u003e• Balancing the Color and Physical Property Retention of Polyolefins Through the Use of High Performance Stabilizer Systems\u003cbr\u003e• Activation Energies of Polymer Degradation\u003cbr\u003e• Failure Progression and Mechanisms of Irradiated Polypropylenes and Other Medical Polymers\u003cbr\u003e• Chemical Assessment of Automotive Clearcoat Weathering\u003cbr\u003e• Effect of Aging on Mineral-Filled Nanocomposites\u003cbr\u003e• The Influence of Degraded, Recycled PP on Incompatible Blends\u003cbr\u003e• Interactions of Hindered Amine Stabilizers in Acidic and Alkaline Environments\u003cbr\u003e• Interactions of Pesticides and Stabilizers in PE Films for Agricultural Use\u003cbr\u003e• The Influence of Co-Additive Interactions on Stabilizer Performance\u003cbr\u003e• New High Performance Light Stabilizer Systems for Molded-in Color TPOs: An Update\u003cbr\u003e• Stabilization of Polyolefins by Photoreactive Light Stabilizers\u003cbr\u003e• Effect of Stabilizer on Photo-Degradation Depth Profile\u003cbr\u003e• New Light Stabilizer for Coextruded Polycarbonate Sheet\u003cbr\u003e• Ultraviolet Light Resistance of Vinyl Miniblinds\u003cbr\u003e• Reaction Products Formed by Lead in Air\u003cbr\u003e• Case Studies of Inadvertent Interactions between Polymers and Devices in Field Applications\u003cbr\u003e• Automotive Clear Coats\u003cbr\u003e• Index\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eAbout Author\u003c\/h5\u003e\nGeorge Wypych has a Ph. D. in chemical engineering. His professional expertise includes both university teaching (full professor) and research \u0026amp; development. He has published 17 books: PVC Plastisols, (University Press); Polyvinylchloride Degradation, (Elsevier); Polyvinylchloride Stabilization, (Elsevier); Polymer Modified Textile Materials, (Wiley \u0026amp; Sons); Handbook of Material Weathering, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Editions, (ChemTec Publishing); Handbook of Fillers, 1st, 2nd and 3rd Editions, (ChemTec Publishing); Recycling of PVC, (ChemTec Publishing); Weathering of Plastics. Testing to Mirror Real Life Performance, (Plastics Design Library), Handbook of Solvents, Handbook of Plasticizers, Handbook of Antistatics, Handbook of Antiblocking, Release, and Slip Additives (1st and 2nd Editions), PVC Degradation \u0026amp; Stabilization, PVC Formulary, Handbook of UV Degradation and Stabilization, Handbook of Biodeterioration, Biodegradation and Biostabilization, and Handbook of Polymers (all by ChemTec Publishing), 47 scientific papers, and he has obtained 16 patents. He specializes in polymer additives, polymer processing and formulation, material durability, and the development of sealants and coatings. He is included in the Dictionary of International Biography, Who's Who in Plastics and Polymers, Who's Who in Engineering, and was selected International Man of the Year 1996-1997 in recognition for his services to education."}

Weathering of Polymers

$78.00

{"id":11242235140,"title":"Weathering of Polymers","handle":"978-0-08041960-2","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: S.M. Hallwell \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-0-08041960-2 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublished: 1992\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eReview Report\u003cbr\u003e119 pages, softbound\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThis report describes the theory of weathering and its effect on polymer properties, methods of stabilization and natural and accelerated weathering tests. The problems associated with particular polymers used in outdoor applications are explained. 461 abstracts and references complete the report. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterials:\u003c\/strong\u003e PVC, polyolefins, PS, acrylics, PA, PC, POM, PSS, polyesters, PU, rubbers, composites \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFrom the Table of Contents:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeathering Factors\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEffect of Polymer Properties\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePhoto-oxidation and Stabilization\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeathering Trials\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeathering of Polymers\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","published_at":"2017-06-22T21:14:28-04:00","created_at":"2017-06-22T21:14:28-04:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["1992","acrylics","book","composites","p-properties","PA","PC","polyesters","polymer","polyolefins","POM","PS","PSS","PU","PVC","rubbers","weathering"],"price":7800,"price_min":7800,"price_max":7800,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":43378417988,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Weathering of Polymers","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":7800,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-0-08041960-2","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[]}],"images":["\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-0-08041960-2_f15ca862-0c2c-4cc8-a642-5f70ffe9d67b.jpg?v=1499957336"],"featured_image":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-0-08041960-2_f15ca862-0c2c-4cc8-a642-5f70ffe9d67b.jpg?v=1499957336","options":["Title"],"media":[{"alt":null,"id":358842990685,"position":1,"preview_image":{"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"width":345,"src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-0-08041960-2_f15ca862-0c2c-4cc8-a642-5f70ffe9d67b.jpg?v=1499957336"},"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"media_type":"image","src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-0-08041960-2_f15ca862-0c2c-4cc8-a642-5f70ffe9d67b.jpg?v=1499957336","width":345}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: S.M. Hallwell \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-0-08041960-2 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublished: 1992\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eReview Report\u003cbr\u003e119 pages, softbound\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThis report describes the theory of weathering and its effect on polymer properties, methods of stabilization and natural and accelerated weathering tests. The problems associated with particular polymers used in outdoor applications are explained. 461 abstracts and references complete the report. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterials:\u003c\/strong\u003e PVC, polyolefins, PS, acrylics, PA, PC, POM, PSS, polyesters, PU, rubbers, composites \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFrom the Table of Contents:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeathering Factors\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEffect of Polymer Properties\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePhoto-oxidation and Stabilization\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeathering Trials\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeathering of Polymers\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e"}

Weathering. The Testin...

$350.00

{"id":8325757829277,"title":"Weathering. The Testing Manual","handle":"weathering-the-testing-manual","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor: George Wypych\u003cbr\u003eISBN \u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\" data-mce-style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\"\u003e978-1-77467-064-4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublished: Jan 2025\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePages: 216+x\u003cbr\u003eFigures: 47\u003cbr\u003eTables: 75\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA weathering testing manual provides guidelines and procedures for conducting weathering tests on various materials and products to simulate the effects of exposure. The methods of weathering, which are discussed in Weathering. The Testing Manual, are based on requirements of ASTM, ISO, BS, Ford, GM, IEC, IEEE, MIL PV, SAE, UL, and VDA standards. These tests are particularly important for industries such as automotive, construction, coatings, electrical insulating materials, fibers, firestop materials, gaskets, geotextiles, geomembranes, glazing, inkjet inks, laminated glass, marine products, metals, paper, plastics, photovoltaic modules, pipes, printed electronic devices, roofing, rubber, sealants, solar collectors, switches,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003etextiles, thermal insulation, tubing, waterproofing, wire \u0026amp; cable, and wood.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eThe Weathering. The Testing Manual contains detailed information on the methods used, their differences, parameter settings, and hardware that is commercially available for performing the tests. It also includes information on sample preparation, evaluation methods, frequency of data collection, data analysis and interpretation, and reporting.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eResults of testing, which are available in open literature are compared with requirements of standards for different products.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eThis book will be published at the same time as the 7th Edition of the Handbook of Material Weathering and the Encyclopedia of Polymer Degradation. Each book has a different purpose. Handbook of Material Weathering is the monographic source of knowledge on various aspects of weathering, which has been reporting achievements in this field for the last 35 years. Weathering. The Testing Manual, as the above outline suggests, provides knowledge on testing of currently produced major commercial products. The purpose of Encyclopedia of Polymer Degradation is to outline the limitations and challenges of presently conducted weathering studies to formulate needs and directions for transition from present comparative evaluation to knowledge-based utilization of existing resources, the book aims to facilitate more effective prevention of waste and environmental pollution caused by material failures, partially caused by incomplete understanding of their properties and limitations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eThe three books together are powerful tools for chemists, chemical engineers, legislators, environmental chemists, university teachers, and students providing the most comprehensive knowledge on material weathering ever assembled.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 Introduction\u003cbr\u003e2 Conditions of Outdoor Exposures\u003cbr\u003e2.1 Radiation\u003cbr\u003e2.2 Temperature\u003cbr\u003e2.3 Moisture and rain\u003cbr\u003e2.4 Oxygen and its forms\u003cbr\u003e2.5 Pollutant gases in the air (outdoor and indoor)\u003cbr\u003e2.6 Particulate materials and soot\u003cbr\u003e2.7 Stress\u003cbr\u003e2.8 Biological substances and colonization\u003cbr\u003e3 Measurements in Weathering Environments\u003cbr\u003e3.1 Radiation\u003cbr\u003e3.2 Sunshine duration\u003cbr\u003e3.3 Temperature \u003cbr\u003e3.4 Relative humidity\u003cbr\u003e3.5 Time of wetness\u003cbr\u003e3.6 Rain\u003cbr\u003e3.7 Pollutants\u003cbr\u003e3.7.1 Carbon dioxide \u003cbr\u003e3.7.2 Carbon monoxide\u003cbr\u003e3.7.3 Sulfur dioxide and acid rain\u003cbr\u003e3.7.4 Nitrogen oxides\u003cbr\u003e3.7.5 Ozone\u003cbr\u003e3.7.6 Particles and soot\u003cbr\u003e4 Methods of Outdoor Exposure\u003cbr\u003e4.1 Locations and their climatic peculiarities\u003cbr\u003e4.2 Preparation of the site for exposure\u003cbr\u003e4.3 Preparation of samples for exposure\u003cbr\u003e4.4 Methods of exposure according to standards\u003cbr\u003e5 Laboratory Exposures\u003cbr\u003e5.1 Radiation sources and their comparison with global spectral irradiance\u003cbr\u003e5.1.1 Radiation wavelength \u003cbr\u003e5.1.2 Irradiance\u003cbr\u003e5.2 Temperature control \u003cbr\u003e5.3 Humidity and rain control and simulation \u003cbr\u003e5.4 Other simulated parameters of exposure\u003cbr\u003e5.5 Reference materials\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 Standards on Weathering Parameters\u003cbr\u003e6.1 Acceleration in laboratory weathering\u003cbr\u003e6.2 Activation energy\u003cbr\u003e6.3 Activation spectrum\u003cbr\u003e6.4 Global spectral irradiance\u003cbr\u003e6.5 Marine environments\u003cbr\u003e6.6 Ozone in the atmosphere and indoors\u003cbr\u003e7 Testing Methods of Products (for each product group standardized methods are discussed and compared and examples of durability are given based on available literature)\u003cbr\u003e7.1 Adhesives\u003cbr\u003e7.2 Architectural coatings\u003cbr\u003e7.3 Artist pencils\u003cbr\u003e7.4 Automotive coatings and interior\u003cbr\u003e7.5 Bituminous coatings and materials\u003cbr\u003e7.6 Coated hardboard\u003cbr\u003e7.7 Cosmetics\u003cbr\u003e7.8 Cover materials for solar collectors\u003cbr\u003e7.9 Electrical insulating materials\u003cbr\u003e7.10 Fibers\u003cbr\u003e7.11 Firestop materials\u003cbr\u003e7.12 Gaskets\u003cbr\u003e7.13 Geosynthetics\u003cbr\u003e7.14 Glazing\u003cbr\u003e7.15 Hoses\u003cbr\u003e7.16 Inkjet inks\u003cbr\u003e7.17 Laminated glass\u003cbr\u003e7.18 Metals\u003cbr\u003e7.19 Optics and photonics\u003cbr\u003e7.20 Ozone testing\u003cbr\u003e7.21 Paints and coatings\u003cbr\u003e7.22 Polyethylene and polypropylene\u003cbr\u003e7.23 Polyethylene crosslinked\u003cbr\u003e7.24 Photodegradable plastics\u003cbr\u003e7.25 Photovoltaic modules\u003cbr\u003e7.26 Pipeline coatings\u003cbr\u003e7.27 Pipes\u003cbr\u003e7.28 Plastics\u003cbr\u003e7.29 Polish applied to painted panel\u003cbr\u003e7.30 Polymer degradation\u003cbr\u003e7.31 Polymeric films\u003cbr\u003e7.32 Pressure-sensitive tapes\u003cbr\u003e7.33 Printed electronic devices and switches\u003cbr\u003e7.34 Prints\u003cbr\u003e7.35 Road vehicles\u003cbr\u003e7.36 Roofing and waterproofing\u003cbr\u003e7.37 Rubber\u003cbr\u003e7.38 Rubber seals used in collectors\u003cbr\u003e7.39 Sealants\u003cbr\u003e7.40 Solid materials (rocks)\u003cbr\u003e7.41 Surgical implants\u003cbr\u003e7.42 Textiles\u003cbr\u003e7.43 Thermal insulation\u003cbr\u003e7.44 Thermoplastic elastomers\u003cbr\u003e7.45 Transportation coatings\u003cbr\u003e7.46 Tubing\u003cbr\u003e7.47 Wood\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eAbout Author\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGeorge Wypych has PhD Eng. The professional expertise includes university teaching (full professor) and research \u0026amp; development (university and corporate). He has published 48 books (PVC Plastisols, Wroclaw University Press; Polyvinylchloride Degradation, Elsevier; Polyvinylchloride Stabilization, Elsevier; Polymer Modified Textile Materials, Wiley \u0026amp; Sons; Handbook of Material Weathering, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th Edition, ChemTec Publishing; Handbook of Fillers, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Edition, ChemTec Publishing; Recycling of PVC, ChemTec Publishing; Weathering of Plastics. Testing to Mirror Real Life Performance, Plastics Design Library, Handbook of Solvents, Vol. 1. Properties 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Solvents, Vol. 2. Health \u0026amp; Environment 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Plasticizers, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Antistatics, 1st and 2nd Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Antistatics, 1st and 2nd Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Antiblocking, Release and Slip Additives, 1st , 2nd and 3rd Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Industrial Solvents in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (two editions), John Wiley \u0026amp; Sons, PVC Degradation \u0026amp; Stabilization, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Editions, ChemTec Publishing, The PVC Formulary, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Material Biodegradation, Biodeterioration, and Biostabilization, 1st and 2nd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of UV Degradation and Stabilization, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Polymers, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Atlas of Material Damage, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Odors in Plastic Materials, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Solvents (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Blowing and Auxiliary Agents, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Foaming and Blowing Agents (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Green Solvents, ChemTec Publishing (two editions), Self-healing Products (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Adhesion Promoters (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Surface Modification Additives (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Surface Improvement and Modification (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Graphene – Important Results and Applications, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Curatives and Crosslinkers, ChemTec Publishing, Chain Mobility and Progress in Medicine, Pharmaceutical, Polymer Science and Technology, Impact of Award, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Antioxidants, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Antioxidants, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of UV Stabilizers (two Editions), ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Flame Retardants, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Nucleating Agents, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Flame Retardants, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Nucleating Agents, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Polymers in Electronics, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Impact Modifiers, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Rheological Additives, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Impact Modifiers, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Rheological Additives, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Polymer Processing Additives, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Polymer Processing Additives, ChemTec Publishing, Functional Fillers (two editions), 2 databases (Solvents Database, 1st, 2nd, 3rd Edition and Database of Antistatics 1st and 2nd Edition, both by ChemTec Publishing), and 42 scientific papers and obtained 16 patents. He specializes in PVC, polymer additives, material durability, and the development of sealants and coatings. He was included in the Dictionary of International Biography, Who's Who in Plastics and Polymers, and Who's Who in Engineering, and was selected International Man of the Year 1996-1997 in recognition of services to education.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","published_at":"2024-06-12T09:47:56-04:00","created_at":"2024-06-12T09:43:36-04:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2025","additive","additives","adhesion","best","book","filler","fillers","methods of weathering","new","polymer","polymers","weathering"],"price":35000,"price_min":35000,"price_max":35000,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":45528794464413,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":null,"requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Weathering. The Testing Manual","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":35000,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":0,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-1-77467-064-4","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[]}],"images":["\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/files\/9781774670644-Case.jpg?v=1718200046"],"featured_image":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/files\/9781774670644-Case.jpg?v=1718200046","options":["Title"],"media":[{"alt":null,"id":29565600137373,"position":1,"preview_image":{"aspect_ratio":0.638,"height":450,"width":287,"src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/files\/9781774670644-Case.jpg?v=1718200046"},"aspect_ratio":0.638,"height":450,"media_type":"image","src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/files\/9781774670644-Case.jpg?v=1718200046","width":287}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor: George Wypych\u003cbr\u003eISBN \u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\" data-mce-style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\"\u003e978-1-77467-064-4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublished: Jan 2025\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePages: 216+x\u003cbr\u003eFigures: 47\u003cbr\u003eTables: 75\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA weathering testing manual provides guidelines and procedures for conducting weathering tests on various materials and products to simulate the effects of exposure. The methods of weathering, which are discussed in Weathering. The Testing Manual, are based on requirements of ASTM, ISO, BS, Ford, GM, IEC, IEEE, MIL PV, SAE, UL, and VDA standards. These tests are particularly important for industries such as automotive, construction, coatings, electrical insulating materials, fibers, firestop materials, gaskets, geotextiles, geomembranes, glazing, inkjet inks, laminated glass, marine products, metals, paper, plastics, photovoltaic modules, pipes, printed electronic devices, roofing, rubber, sealants, solar collectors, switches,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003etextiles, thermal insulation, tubing, waterproofing, wire \u0026amp; cable, and wood.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eThe Weathering. The Testing Manual contains detailed information on the methods used, their differences, parameter settings, and hardware that is commercially available for performing the tests. It also includes information on sample preparation, evaluation methods, frequency of data collection, data analysis and interpretation, and reporting.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eResults of testing, which are available in open literature are compared with requirements of standards for different products.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eThis book will be published at the same time as the 7th Edition of the Handbook of Material Weathering and the Encyclopedia of Polymer Degradation. Each book has a different purpose. Handbook of Material Weathering is the monographic source of knowledge on various aspects of weathering, which has been reporting achievements in this field for the last 35 years. Weathering. The Testing Manual, as the above outline suggests, provides knowledge on testing of currently produced major commercial products. The purpose of Encyclopedia of Polymer Degradation is to outline the limitations and challenges of presently conducted weathering studies to formulate needs and directions for transition from present comparative evaluation to knowledge-based utilization of existing resources, the book aims to facilitate more effective prevention of waste and environmental pollution caused by material failures, partially caused by incomplete understanding of their properties and limitations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eThe three books together are powerful tools for chemists, chemical engineers, legislators, environmental chemists, university teachers, and students providing the most comprehensive knowledge on material weathering ever assembled.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 Introduction\u003cbr\u003e2 Conditions of Outdoor Exposures\u003cbr\u003e2.1 Radiation\u003cbr\u003e2.2 Temperature\u003cbr\u003e2.3 Moisture and rain\u003cbr\u003e2.4 Oxygen and its forms\u003cbr\u003e2.5 Pollutant gases in the air (outdoor and indoor)\u003cbr\u003e2.6 Particulate materials and soot\u003cbr\u003e2.7 Stress\u003cbr\u003e2.8 Biological substances and colonization\u003cbr\u003e3 Measurements in Weathering Environments\u003cbr\u003e3.1 Radiation\u003cbr\u003e3.2 Sunshine duration\u003cbr\u003e3.3 Temperature \u003cbr\u003e3.4 Relative humidity\u003cbr\u003e3.5 Time of wetness\u003cbr\u003e3.6 Rain\u003cbr\u003e3.7 Pollutants\u003cbr\u003e3.7.1 Carbon dioxide \u003cbr\u003e3.7.2 Carbon monoxide\u003cbr\u003e3.7.3 Sulfur dioxide and acid rain\u003cbr\u003e3.7.4 Nitrogen oxides\u003cbr\u003e3.7.5 Ozone\u003cbr\u003e3.7.6 Particles and soot\u003cbr\u003e4 Methods of Outdoor Exposure\u003cbr\u003e4.1 Locations and their climatic peculiarities\u003cbr\u003e4.2 Preparation of the site for exposure\u003cbr\u003e4.3 Preparation of samples for exposure\u003cbr\u003e4.4 Methods of exposure according to standards\u003cbr\u003e5 Laboratory Exposures\u003cbr\u003e5.1 Radiation sources and their comparison with global spectral irradiance\u003cbr\u003e5.1.1 Radiation wavelength \u003cbr\u003e5.1.2 Irradiance\u003cbr\u003e5.2 Temperature control \u003cbr\u003e5.3 Humidity and rain control and simulation \u003cbr\u003e5.4 Other simulated parameters of exposure\u003cbr\u003e5.5 Reference materials\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 Standards on Weathering Parameters\u003cbr\u003e6.1 Acceleration in laboratory weathering\u003cbr\u003e6.2 Activation energy\u003cbr\u003e6.3 Activation spectrum\u003cbr\u003e6.4 Global spectral irradiance\u003cbr\u003e6.5 Marine environments\u003cbr\u003e6.6 Ozone in the atmosphere and indoors\u003cbr\u003e7 Testing Methods of Products (for each product group standardized methods are discussed and compared and examples of durability are given based on available literature)\u003cbr\u003e7.1 Adhesives\u003cbr\u003e7.2 Architectural coatings\u003cbr\u003e7.3 Artist pencils\u003cbr\u003e7.4 Automotive coatings and interior\u003cbr\u003e7.5 Bituminous coatings and materials\u003cbr\u003e7.6 Coated hardboard\u003cbr\u003e7.7 Cosmetics\u003cbr\u003e7.8 Cover materials for solar collectors\u003cbr\u003e7.9 Electrical insulating materials\u003cbr\u003e7.10 Fibers\u003cbr\u003e7.11 Firestop materials\u003cbr\u003e7.12 Gaskets\u003cbr\u003e7.13 Geosynthetics\u003cbr\u003e7.14 Glazing\u003cbr\u003e7.15 Hoses\u003cbr\u003e7.16 Inkjet inks\u003cbr\u003e7.17 Laminated glass\u003cbr\u003e7.18 Metals\u003cbr\u003e7.19 Optics and photonics\u003cbr\u003e7.20 Ozone testing\u003cbr\u003e7.21 Paints and coatings\u003cbr\u003e7.22 Polyethylene and polypropylene\u003cbr\u003e7.23 Polyethylene crosslinked\u003cbr\u003e7.24 Photodegradable plastics\u003cbr\u003e7.25 Photovoltaic modules\u003cbr\u003e7.26 Pipeline coatings\u003cbr\u003e7.27 Pipes\u003cbr\u003e7.28 Plastics\u003cbr\u003e7.29 Polish applied to painted panel\u003cbr\u003e7.30 Polymer degradation\u003cbr\u003e7.31 Polymeric films\u003cbr\u003e7.32 Pressure-sensitive tapes\u003cbr\u003e7.33 Printed electronic devices and switches\u003cbr\u003e7.34 Prints\u003cbr\u003e7.35 Road vehicles\u003cbr\u003e7.36 Roofing and waterproofing\u003cbr\u003e7.37 Rubber\u003cbr\u003e7.38 Rubber seals used in collectors\u003cbr\u003e7.39 Sealants\u003cbr\u003e7.40 Solid materials (rocks)\u003cbr\u003e7.41 Surgical implants\u003cbr\u003e7.42 Textiles\u003cbr\u003e7.43 Thermal insulation\u003cbr\u003e7.44 Thermoplastic elastomers\u003cbr\u003e7.45 Transportation coatings\u003cbr\u003e7.46 Tubing\u003cbr\u003e7.47 Wood\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eAbout Author\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGeorge Wypych has PhD Eng. The professional expertise includes university teaching (full professor) and research \u0026amp; development (university and corporate). He has published 48 books (PVC Plastisols, Wroclaw University Press; Polyvinylchloride Degradation, Elsevier; Polyvinylchloride Stabilization, Elsevier; Polymer Modified Textile Materials, Wiley \u0026amp; Sons; Handbook of Material Weathering, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th Edition, ChemTec Publishing; Handbook of Fillers, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Edition, ChemTec Publishing; Recycling of PVC, ChemTec Publishing; Weathering of Plastics. Testing to Mirror Real Life Performance, Plastics Design Library, Handbook of Solvents, Vol. 1. Properties 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Solvents, Vol. 2. Health \u0026amp; Environment 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Plasticizers, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Antistatics, 1st and 2nd Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Antistatics, 1st and 2nd Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Antiblocking, Release and Slip Additives, 1st , 2nd and 3rd Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Industrial Solvents in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (two editions), John Wiley \u0026amp; Sons, PVC Degradation \u0026amp; Stabilization, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Editions, ChemTec Publishing, The PVC Formulary, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Material Biodegradation, Biodeterioration, and Biostabilization, 1st and 2nd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of UV Degradation and Stabilization, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Polymers, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Atlas of Material Damage, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Odors in Plastic Materials, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Solvents (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Blowing and Auxiliary Agents, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Foaming and Blowing Agents (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Green Solvents, ChemTec Publishing (two editions), Self-healing Products (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Adhesion Promoters (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Surface Modification Additives (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Surface Improvement and Modification (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Graphene – Important Results and Applications, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Curatives and Crosslinkers, ChemTec Publishing, Chain Mobility and Progress in Medicine, Pharmaceutical, Polymer Science and Technology, Impact of Award, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Antioxidants, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Antioxidants, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of UV Stabilizers (two Editions), ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Flame Retardants, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Nucleating Agents, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Flame Retardants, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Nucleating Agents, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Polymers in Electronics, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Impact Modifiers, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Rheological Additives, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Impact Modifiers, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Rheological Additives, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Polymer Processing Additives, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Polymer Processing Additives, ChemTec Publishing, Functional Fillers (two editions), 2 databases (Solvents Database, 1st, 2nd, 3rd Edition and Database of Antistatics 1st and 2nd Edition, both by ChemTec Publishing), and 42 scientific papers and obtained 16 patents. He specializes in PVC, polymer additives, material durability, and the development of sealants and coatings. He was included in the Dictionary of International Biography, Who's Who in Plastics and Polymers, and Who's Who in Engineering, and was selected International Man of the Year 1996-1997 in recognition of services to education.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e"}

Wood-Plastic Composites

$253.00

{"id":11242210564,"title":"Wood-Plastic Composites","handle":"978-0-470-14891-4","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: A. A. Kyosov \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-0-470-14891-4 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublished: 2007\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ePages 697, Hardcover\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThis is the first book that presents an overview of the main principles underlying the composition of wood-plastic composite (WPC) materials and their performance in the real world. Focusing on the characteristics of WPC materials rather than their manufacture, this guide bridges the gap between laboratory-based research and testing and the properties WPC materials exhibit when they're used in decks, railing systems, fences, and other common applications\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e-Describes compositions of WPC materials, including thermoplastics, cellulose fiber, minerals, additives, and their properties \u003cbr\u003e-Covers mechanical properties, microbial resistance, water absorption, flammability, slip resistance, thermal expansion-contraction, sensitivity to oxidation and solar radiation, and rheological properties of hot melts of WPC \u003cbr\u003e-Covers subjects that determine esthetics, properties, performance, and durability of wood-plastic composite products -Includes comparisons of different ASTM methods and procedures that apply to specific properties\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePreface. \u003cbr\u003e1. Foreword-Overview Wood-Plastic Composites.\u003cbr\u003eWPC, pricing restrictions. \u003cbr\u003eWPC, brands and manufacturers. \u003cbr\u003eFlexural strength. \u003cbr\u003eFlexural modulus, deflection. \u003cbr\u003eDeck boards. \u003cbr\u003eStair treads. \u003cbr\u003eThermal expansion-contraction. \u003cbr\u003eShrinkage. \u003cbr\u003eSlip resistance. \u003cbr\u003eWater absorption, swell, buckling. \u003cbr\u003eMicrobial degradation. \u003cbr\u003eTermite resistance. \u003cbr\u003eFlammability. \u003cbr\u003eOxidation and crumbling. \u003cbr\u003ePhoto-oxidation and fading. \u003cbr\u003eWood-plastic composites - products, trends, market size and dynamics, and unsolved (or only partially solved) problems. \u003cbr\u003eWPC products. \u003cbr\u003eThe public view, perception. \u003cbr\u003eWPC market size and dynamics. \u003cbr\u003eCompetition on the WPC market. \u003cbr\u003eUnsolved (or only partially solved) R\u0026amp;D problems. \u003cbr\u003eExamples of wood-plastic composite deck boards. \u003cbr\u003eReferences.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e2. Composition of wood-plastic composites: thermoplastics.\u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003ePolyethylene. \u003cbr\u003ePolypropylene. \u003cbr\u003ePolyvinyl Chloride. \u003cbr\u003eAcrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene copolymer (ABS). \u003cbr\u003eNylon 6 and other polyamides. \u003cbr\u003eConclusion. \u003cbr\u003eAddendum: ASTM tests covering definitions of technical terms and their contractions used in plastic industry and specifications of plastics. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003e3. Composition of wood-plastic composites: cellulose and lignocellulose fillers. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003eA brief history of cellulose fillers in WPC in U.S. patents. \u003cbr\u003eBeginning of WPC. Thermosetting materials. \u003cbr\u003eCellulose as a reinforcing ingredient in thermoplastic compositions. \u003cbr\u003eImproving mechanical and other properties of WPC. \u003cbr\u003eImproving the compatibility of the fillers with the polymeric matrix. Coupling agents. \u003cbr\u003ePlastics beyond HDPE in wood-plastic composite materials. \u003cbr\u003eCellulose-polyolefin composite pellets. \u003cbr\u003eFoamed wood-plastic composites. \u003cbr\u003eBiodegradable wood-plastic composites. \u003cbr\u003eGeneral properties of lignocellulosic fiber as fillers. \u003cbr\u003eChemical composition. \u003cbr\u003eDetrimental effect of lignin. \u003cbr\u003eDetrimental effect of hemicellulosics. Steam explosion. \u003cbr\u003eAspect ratio. \u003cbr\u003eDensity (specific gravity). \u003cbr\u003eParticle size. \u003cbr\u003eParticle shape. \u003cbr\u003eParticle size distribution. \u003cbr\u003eParticle surface area. \u003cbr\u003eMoisture content, the ability to absorb water. \u003cbr\u003eThe ability of filler to absorb oil. \u003cbr\u003eFlammability. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on mechanical properties of the composite material. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on fading and durability of plastics and composites. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on hot melt viscosity. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on mold shrinkage. \u003cbr\u003eWood fiber. \u003cbr\u003eWood flour. \u003cbr\u003eSaw dust. \u003cbr\u003eRice hulls. \u003cbr\u003eVOC from rice hulls. \u003cbr\u003eLong natural fiber. \u003cbr\u003ePapermaking sludge. \u003cbr\u003eBiodac. \u003cbr\u003eVOC from Biodac. \u003cbr\u003eRice hulls and Biodac as antioxidants in WPC. \u003cbr\u003eReferences (other than patents). \u003cbr\u003eReferences (patents). \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e4. Composition of wood-plastic composites: mineral fillers. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003eGeneral properties of mineral fillers. \u003cbr\u003eChemical composition. \u003cbr\u003eAspect ratio. \u003cbr\u003eDensity (specific gravity). \u003cbr\u003eParticle size. \u003cbr\u003eParticle shape. \u003cbr\u003eParticle size distribution. \u003cbr\u003eParticle surface area. \u003cbr\u003eMoisture content, the ability to absorb water. \u003cbr\u003eThe ability to absorb oil. \u003cbr\u003eFlame retardant properties. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on mechanical properties of the composite material. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on hot melt viscosity. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on mold shrinkage. \u003cbr\u003eThermal properties. \u003cbr\u003eColor, optical properties. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on fading and durability of plastics and composites. \u003cbr\u003eHealth and safety. \u003cbr\u003eFillers. \u003cbr\u003eCalcium carbonate. \u003cbr\u003eTalc. \u003cbr\u003eBiodac (a blend of cellulose and mineral fillers). \u003cbr\u003eSilica. \u003cbr\u003eKaolin clay. \u003cbr\u003eMica. \u003cbr\u003eWollastonite. \u003cbr\u003eGlass fibers. \u003cbr\u003eFly ash. \u003cbr\u003eCarbon black. \u003cbr\u003eNanofillers and nanocomposites. \u003cbr\u003eConclusions. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e5. Composition of wood-plastic composites: coupling agents. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003eA brief overview of the chapter. \u003cbr\u003eMaleated polyolefins. \u003cbr\u003eOrganosilanes. \u003cbr\u003eMetablenTM A3000. \u003cbr\u003eOther coupling agents. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of coupling agents on mechanical properties of wood-plastic composites: experimental data. \u003cbr\u003eMechanisms of cross-linking, coupling and\/or compatibilizing effects. \u003cbr\u003eSpectroscopic studies. \u003cbr\u003eRheological studies. \u003cbr\u003eKinetic studies. \u003cbr\u003eOther considerations. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of coupling agents on WPC properties: a summary. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on flexural and tensile modulus. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on flexural and tensile strength. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on water absorption. \u003cbr\u003eLubricants, compatible and not compatible with coupling agents. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e6. Density (specific gravity) of wood-plastic composites and its effect on WPC properties. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of density (specific gravity) of WPC. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on flexural strength and modulus. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on oxidation and degradation. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on flammability, ignition, flame spread. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on moisture content and water absorption. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on microbial contamination\/degradation. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on shrinkage. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on the coefficient of friction (the slip coefficient). \u003cbr\u003eDensity of cross-sectional areas of hollow profiles of GeoDeck WPC boards. \u003cbr\u003eDensities and weight of some commercial wood-plastic deck boards. \u003cbr\u003eDetermination of density of wood-plastic composites using a sink\/float method. \u003cbr\u003eASTM tests recommended for determination of the specific gravity (density). \u003cbr\u003eASTM D 1505 “Standard test method for density of plastics by the density-gradient technique”. \u003cbr\u003eASTM D 1622 “Standard test method for apparent density of rigid cellular plastics”. \u003cbr\u003eASTM D 1895 “Standard test methods for apparent density, bulk factor, and pourability of plastic materials”. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e7. Flexural strength (MOR) and flexural modulus (MOE) of composite materials and profiles. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003eBasic definitions and equations. \u003cbr\u003eASTM recommendations. \u003cbr\u003eFlexural strength of composite deck boards. \u003cbr\u003eFlexural modulus of composite deck boards. \u003cbr\u003eFlexural modulus of neat HDPE and other plastics, and comparisons with that for wood-plastic composites. \u003cbr\u003eA deck board used as a stair tread: a critical role of flexural modulus. \u003cbr\u003eDeflection of composite materials: Case studies. \u003cbr\u003e1. Deflection and bending moment of a soundwall under windloads. \u003cbr\u003e2. Deflection of a fence board. \u003cbr\u003e3. Deflection of wood-plastic composite joists. \u003cbr\u003e4. Deflection of a deck under a hot tub. \u003cbr\u003e5. Deflection of a hollow deck board filled with hot water. \u003cbr\u003e6. Deflection and creep of composite deck boards. \u003cbr\u003eGuardrail systems. \u003cbr\u003eComposite (and PVC) railing systems for which ICC-ES reports were issued until October 2006. \u003cbr\u003eCombined flexural and shear strength: a “shotgun” test 537. \u003cbr\u003eMathematical modeling of wood-plastic composites and the real world. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e8. Compressive and tensile strength and modulus of composite profiles. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003eBasic definitions and equations. \u003cbr\u003eASTM recommendations. \u003cbr\u003eTensile strength of composite materials: examples. \u003cbr\u003eCompressive strength of composite materials. \u003cbr\u003eTensile modulus of elasticity of composite materials. \u003cbr\u003eCompressive modulus of composite materials. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e9. Linear shrinkage of extruded wood-plastic composites. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003eOrigin of shrinkage. \u003cbr\u003eSize of shrinkage. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of density (specific gravity) of WPC on its shrinkage. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of extrusion regime on shrinkage. \u003cbr\u003eAnnealing of composite boards. \u003cbr\u003eWarranty claims: GeoDeck composite deckboards. \u003cbr\u003eExamples of GeoDeck boards shrinkage on a deck. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e10. Temperature driven expansion-contraction of wood-plastic composites. Linear coefficient of thermal expansion-contraction. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003eLinear coefficient of expansion-contraction. \u003cbr\u003eSome reservations in applicability of coefficients of expansion-contraction. \u003cbr\u003eASTM tests recommended for determination of the linear coefficient of thermal expansion-contraction. \u003cbr\u003eLinear coefficient of thermal expansion-contraction for wood-plastic composites. Effect of fillers and coupling agents. \u003cbr\u003eExample: a case study. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e11. Slip resistance and coefficient of friction of composite deck boards. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003eDefinitions. \u003cbr\u003eExplanations and some examples. \u003cbr\u003eSlip resistance of plastics. \u003cbr\u003eSlip resistance of wood decks. \u003cbr\u003eSlip resistance of wood-plastic composite decks. \u003cbr\u003eASTM tests recommended for determining static coefficient of friction. \u003cbr\u003eSlip resistance using an inclined-plane method. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of formulation of composite deck board on slip resistance. Slip enhancers. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e12. Water absorption by composite materials and related effects. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003e“Near-surface” vs. “into the bulk” distribution of absorbed water in composite materials. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of mineral fillers on water absorption. \u003cbr\u003eSwelling (dimensional instability), pressure development and buckling. \u003cbr\u003eShort- and long-term water absorption. \u003cbr\u003eASTM recommendations. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of cellulose content in composite materials on water absorption. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of board density (specific gravity) on water absorption. \u003cbr\u003eMoisture content of wood and wood-plastic composites. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of water absorption on flexural strength and modulus. \u003cbr\u003eFreeze-thaw resistance. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of board density on freeze-thaw resistance - a case study. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of board density and weathering on freeze-thaw resistance - a case study. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of multiple freeze-thaw cycles. \u003cbr\u003eComparison of water absorption of some composite deck boards available on the market. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e13. Microbial degradation of wood-plastic composite materials and “black spots” on the surface. Mold resistance. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003eMicrobial effects on wood-plastic composites. \u003cbr\u003eMold and spores. \u003cbr\u003eMoisture and ventilation. Critical moisture content. \u003cbr\u003eWood decay fungi. \u003cbr\u003eBiocides and “mold resistance”. \u003cbr\u003ePreservatives for wood lumber. \u003cbr\u003eCCA. \u003cbr\u003eACQ. \u003cbr\u003ePCP. \u003cbr\u003eCreosote. \u003cbr\u003eMicroorganisms active in degradation and staining of composite materials. \u003cbr\u003eMolds. \u003cbr\u003eBlack mold. \u003cbr\u003eBlack algae. \u003cbr\u003eCase study 1. Staining with a microbial pigment. \u003cbr\u003eCase study 2. Deck as a mold incubator. \u003cbr\u003eCase study 3. Black mold due to composite low density and high mosture. \u003cbr\u003eMicrobial infestation of wood-plastic composite materials. \u003cbr\u003eRequirements for microbial growth on wood and wood-plastic composites. \u003cbr\u003eSensitivity and resistance of composite materials to microbial degradation. Examples. \u003cbr\u003eASTM tests recommended for microbial growth and degradation of wood-plastic composites. \u003cbr\u003eExamples: wood. \u003cbr\u003eExamples: wood-plastic composites. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of formulation on sensitivity and resistance of wood-plastic composites to microbial degradation. \u003cbr\u003eBiocides used (actually or under consideration) in wood-plastic composites. \u003cbr\u003eBiocides: accelerated laboratory data and the real world. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e14. Flammability and fire rating of wood-plastic composites. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003eFlammability of wood. \u003cbr\u003eIgnition of composite materials. \u003cbr\u003eFlame spread indexes (FSI) and fire rating of composite materials. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of mineral fillers on flammability. \u003cbr\u003eSmoke and toxic gases, and smoke development index (SDI). \u003cbr\u003eFlame retardants for plastics and composite materials. \u003cbr\u003eASTM recommendations. \u003cbr\u003eFire performance of composite decks and deck boards. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e15. Thermo- and photo-oxidative degradation and lifetime of composite building materials. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. Lifetime of plastics and plastic-based composites Examples. \u003cbr\u003eThermo-oxidation, photo-oxidation, oxidative degradation, and product crumbling and failure. \u003cbr\u003eFactors accelerating the oxidative degradation of composites. \u003cbr\u003eDensity (specific gravity) of the composite. \u003cbr\u003eTemperature. \u003cbr\u003eThe physical and the chemical structure of the polymer. \u003cbr\u003eHistory of plastic (virgin, recycled). \u003cbr\u003eThe type and amount of cellulose fiber. \u003cbr\u003eThe type and amount of mineral fillers. \u003cbr\u003eThe presence of stress. \u003cbr\u003eThe presence of metal catalysts. \u003cbr\u003eThe presence of moisture. \u003cbr\u003eAntioxidants and their amounts. \u003cbr\u003eSolar radiation (UV light). \u003cbr\u003eAmount of added regrinds, if any. \u003cbr\u003eASTM recommendations. \u003cbr\u003eASTM tests for oxidative induction time. \u003cbr\u003eASTM tests for determination of phenolic antioxidants in plastics. \u003cbr\u003eSurface temperature of composite decking and railing systems. \u003cbr\u003eLife span of zero-antioxidant GeoDeck decks in various areas of the U.S. \u003cbr\u003eThe OIT and lifetime of composite deck boards. \u003cbr\u003eDurability (in terms of oxidative degradation) of wood-plastic composite decks available on the current market. \u003cbr\u003eOxidative degradation and crumbling of GeoDeck deck boards. History of the case and correction of the problem. \u003cbr\u003eDensity, porosity, and mechanical properties of GeoDeck before the problem had emerged. \u003cbr\u003eEmerging of the problem. \u003cbr\u003eDensity (specific gravity) of GeoDeck boards in pre-October 2003. \u003cbr\u003eCorrection of the crumbling problem-- Antioxidant level. \u003cbr\u003eAddendum. Test method for oxidative-induction time of filled composite material by differential scanning calorimetry. \u003cbr\u003eCase studies. \u003cbr\u003eGeoDeck decks crumbling in Arizona. \u003cbr\u003eGeoDeck decks crumbling in Massachusetts. \u003cbr\u003eGeoDeck voluntary recall. \u003cbr\u003eProblem GeoDeck decks: installation time and warranty claims. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e16. Photo-oxidation and fading of composite building materials. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003eHow fading is measured? \u003cbr\u003eFading. Some introductory definitions. \u003cbr\u003eAccelerated and natural weathering of wood-plastic composite materials, and a correlation (or a lack of it) between them. The acceleration factor. \u003cbr\u003eFading of commercial wood-plastic composite materials. \u003cbr\u003eFading of composite deck boards vs. their crumbling due to oxidation. \u003cbr\u003eFactors accelerating or slowing down fading of composites. \u003cbr\u003eDensity (specific gravity) of the composite. \u003cbr\u003eTemperature. \u003cbr\u003eUV absorbers and their amounts. \u003cbr\u003ePigments and their amounts. \u003cbr\u003eAntioxidants and their amounts. \u003cbr\u003eHistory of plastics (virgin, recycled). \u003cbr\u003eEffect of moisture in the composite. \u003cbr\u003eThe type and amount of cellulose fiber. \u003cbr\u003eExtruded vs. injection molded wood-plastic composite materials. \u003cbr\u003eASTM recommendations. \u003cbr\u003eAddendum: Some definitions and technical terms used in descriptions of. \u003cbr\u003ephotodegradation of plastics and wood-plastic composites. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e17. Rheology and a selection of incoming plastics for composite materials. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. Rheology of neat and filled plastics, composite materials and regrinds. \u003cbr\u003eBasic definitions and equations. \u003cbr\u003eASTM recommendations in the area of capillary rheometry. \u003cbr\u003eASTM recommendations in the area of rotational rheometry. \u003cbr\u003eCommon observation. \u003cbr\u003eNeat plastics. \u003cbr\u003eComposite materials. \u003cbr\u003eAlmost uncharted areas of composite and plastic rheology. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003eIndex. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eAbout Author\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAnatole A. Klyosov, PHD, was Consulting Vice President of LDI Composites Co. (formerly Kadant Composites, where he was Vice President of research and development). Dr. Klyosov was also professor of biochemistry at Harvard University for eight years. He is currently Chief Scientist at Pro-Pharmaceuticals, Inc. He has published almost 300 peer-reviewed articles, thirty-five patents, and a number of books.","published_at":"2017-06-22T21:13:09-04:00","created_at":"2017-06-22T21:13:09-04:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2007","acrylic polymers","additives","book","cellulose fiber","compositions","durability","flammability","hot melts","mechanical properties","microbial resistance","minerals","oxidation","p-application","p-applications","polymer","properties","rheological properties","slip resistance","solar radiation","thermal expansion-contraction","thermoplastics","water absorption","WPC"],"price":25300,"price_min":25300,"price_max":25300,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":43378332676,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Wood-Plastic Composites","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":25300,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-0-470-14891-4","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[]}],"images":["\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-0-470-14891-4_71b8f530-3b87-4d35-9be2-2984ea752d48.jpg?v=1499957359"],"featured_image":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-0-470-14891-4_71b8f530-3b87-4d35-9be2-2984ea752d48.jpg?v=1499957359","options":["Title"],"media":[{"alt":null,"id":358843613277,"position":1,"preview_image":{"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"width":345,"src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-0-470-14891-4_71b8f530-3b87-4d35-9be2-2984ea752d48.jpg?v=1499957359"},"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"media_type":"image","src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-0-470-14891-4_71b8f530-3b87-4d35-9be2-2984ea752d48.jpg?v=1499957359","width":345}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: A. A. Kyosov \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-0-470-14891-4 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublished: 2007\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ePages 697, Hardcover\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThis is the first book that presents an overview of the main principles underlying the composition of wood-plastic composite (WPC) materials and their performance in the real world. Focusing on the characteristics of WPC materials rather than their manufacture, this guide bridges the gap between laboratory-based research and testing and the properties WPC materials exhibit when they're used in decks, railing systems, fences, and other common applications\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e-Describes compositions of WPC materials, including thermoplastics, cellulose fiber, minerals, additives, and their properties \u003cbr\u003e-Covers mechanical properties, microbial resistance, water absorption, flammability, slip resistance, thermal expansion-contraction, sensitivity to oxidation and solar radiation, and rheological properties of hot melts of WPC \u003cbr\u003e-Covers subjects that determine esthetics, properties, performance, and durability of wood-plastic composite products -Includes comparisons of different ASTM methods and procedures that apply to specific properties\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePreface. \u003cbr\u003e1. Foreword-Overview Wood-Plastic Composites.\u003cbr\u003eWPC, pricing restrictions. \u003cbr\u003eWPC, brands and manufacturers. \u003cbr\u003eFlexural strength. \u003cbr\u003eFlexural modulus, deflection. \u003cbr\u003eDeck boards. \u003cbr\u003eStair treads. \u003cbr\u003eThermal expansion-contraction. \u003cbr\u003eShrinkage. \u003cbr\u003eSlip resistance. \u003cbr\u003eWater absorption, swell, buckling. \u003cbr\u003eMicrobial degradation. \u003cbr\u003eTermite resistance. \u003cbr\u003eFlammability. \u003cbr\u003eOxidation and crumbling. \u003cbr\u003ePhoto-oxidation and fading. \u003cbr\u003eWood-plastic composites - products, trends, market size and dynamics, and unsolved (or only partially solved) problems. \u003cbr\u003eWPC products. \u003cbr\u003eThe public view, perception. \u003cbr\u003eWPC market size and dynamics. \u003cbr\u003eCompetition on the WPC market. \u003cbr\u003eUnsolved (or only partially solved) R\u0026amp;D problems. \u003cbr\u003eExamples of wood-plastic composite deck boards. \u003cbr\u003eReferences.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e2. Composition of wood-plastic composites: thermoplastics.\u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003ePolyethylene. \u003cbr\u003ePolypropylene. \u003cbr\u003ePolyvinyl Chloride. \u003cbr\u003eAcrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene copolymer (ABS). \u003cbr\u003eNylon 6 and other polyamides. \u003cbr\u003eConclusion. \u003cbr\u003eAddendum: ASTM tests covering definitions of technical terms and their contractions used in plastic industry and specifications of plastics. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003e3. Composition of wood-plastic composites: cellulose and lignocellulose fillers. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003eA brief history of cellulose fillers in WPC in U.S. patents. \u003cbr\u003eBeginning of WPC. Thermosetting materials. \u003cbr\u003eCellulose as a reinforcing ingredient in thermoplastic compositions. \u003cbr\u003eImproving mechanical and other properties of WPC. \u003cbr\u003eImproving the compatibility of the fillers with the polymeric matrix. Coupling agents. \u003cbr\u003ePlastics beyond HDPE in wood-plastic composite materials. \u003cbr\u003eCellulose-polyolefin composite pellets. \u003cbr\u003eFoamed wood-plastic composites. \u003cbr\u003eBiodegradable wood-plastic composites. \u003cbr\u003eGeneral properties of lignocellulosic fiber as fillers. \u003cbr\u003eChemical composition. \u003cbr\u003eDetrimental effect of lignin. \u003cbr\u003eDetrimental effect of hemicellulosics. Steam explosion. \u003cbr\u003eAspect ratio. \u003cbr\u003eDensity (specific gravity). \u003cbr\u003eParticle size. \u003cbr\u003eParticle shape. \u003cbr\u003eParticle size distribution. \u003cbr\u003eParticle surface area. \u003cbr\u003eMoisture content, the ability to absorb water. \u003cbr\u003eThe ability of filler to absorb oil. \u003cbr\u003eFlammability. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on mechanical properties of the composite material. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on fading and durability of plastics and composites. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on hot melt viscosity. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on mold shrinkage. \u003cbr\u003eWood fiber. \u003cbr\u003eWood flour. \u003cbr\u003eSaw dust. \u003cbr\u003eRice hulls. \u003cbr\u003eVOC from rice hulls. \u003cbr\u003eLong natural fiber. \u003cbr\u003ePapermaking sludge. \u003cbr\u003eBiodac. \u003cbr\u003eVOC from Biodac. \u003cbr\u003eRice hulls and Biodac as antioxidants in WPC. \u003cbr\u003eReferences (other than patents). \u003cbr\u003eReferences (patents). \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e4. Composition of wood-plastic composites: mineral fillers. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003eGeneral properties of mineral fillers. \u003cbr\u003eChemical composition. \u003cbr\u003eAspect ratio. \u003cbr\u003eDensity (specific gravity). \u003cbr\u003eParticle size. \u003cbr\u003eParticle shape. \u003cbr\u003eParticle size distribution. \u003cbr\u003eParticle surface area. \u003cbr\u003eMoisture content, the ability to absorb water. \u003cbr\u003eThe ability to absorb oil. \u003cbr\u003eFlame retardant properties. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on mechanical properties of the composite material. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on hot melt viscosity. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on mold shrinkage. \u003cbr\u003eThermal properties. \u003cbr\u003eColor, optical properties. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on fading and durability of plastics and composites. \u003cbr\u003eHealth and safety. \u003cbr\u003eFillers. \u003cbr\u003eCalcium carbonate. \u003cbr\u003eTalc. \u003cbr\u003eBiodac (a blend of cellulose and mineral fillers). \u003cbr\u003eSilica. \u003cbr\u003eKaolin clay. \u003cbr\u003eMica. \u003cbr\u003eWollastonite. \u003cbr\u003eGlass fibers. \u003cbr\u003eFly ash. \u003cbr\u003eCarbon black. \u003cbr\u003eNanofillers and nanocomposites. \u003cbr\u003eConclusions. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e5. Composition of wood-plastic composites: coupling agents. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003eA brief overview of the chapter. \u003cbr\u003eMaleated polyolefins. \u003cbr\u003eOrganosilanes. \u003cbr\u003eMetablenTM A3000. \u003cbr\u003eOther coupling agents. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of coupling agents on mechanical properties of wood-plastic composites: experimental data. \u003cbr\u003eMechanisms of cross-linking, coupling and\/or compatibilizing effects. \u003cbr\u003eSpectroscopic studies. \u003cbr\u003eRheological studies. \u003cbr\u003eKinetic studies. \u003cbr\u003eOther considerations. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of coupling agents on WPC properties: a summary. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on flexural and tensile modulus. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on flexural and tensile strength. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on water absorption. \u003cbr\u003eLubricants, compatible and not compatible with coupling agents. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e6. Density (specific gravity) of wood-plastic composites and its effect on WPC properties. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of density (specific gravity) of WPC. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on flexural strength and modulus. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on oxidation and degradation. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on flammability, ignition, flame spread. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on moisture content and water absorption. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on microbial contamination\/degradation. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on shrinkage. \u003cbr\u003eEffect on the coefficient of friction (the slip coefficient). \u003cbr\u003eDensity of cross-sectional areas of hollow profiles of GeoDeck WPC boards. \u003cbr\u003eDensities and weight of some commercial wood-plastic deck boards. \u003cbr\u003eDetermination of density of wood-plastic composites using a sink\/float method. \u003cbr\u003eASTM tests recommended for determination of the specific gravity (density). \u003cbr\u003eASTM D 1505 “Standard test method for density of plastics by the density-gradient technique”. \u003cbr\u003eASTM D 1622 “Standard test method for apparent density of rigid cellular plastics”. \u003cbr\u003eASTM D 1895 “Standard test methods for apparent density, bulk factor, and pourability of plastic materials”. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e7. Flexural strength (MOR) and flexural modulus (MOE) of composite materials and profiles. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003eBasic definitions and equations. \u003cbr\u003eASTM recommendations. \u003cbr\u003eFlexural strength of composite deck boards. \u003cbr\u003eFlexural modulus of composite deck boards. \u003cbr\u003eFlexural modulus of neat HDPE and other plastics, and comparisons with that for wood-plastic composites. \u003cbr\u003eA deck board used as a stair tread: a critical role of flexural modulus. \u003cbr\u003eDeflection of composite materials: Case studies. \u003cbr\u003e1. Deflection and bending moment of a soundwall under windloads. \u003cbr\u003e2. Deflection of a fence board. \u003cbr\u003e3. Deflection of wood-plastic composite joists. \u003cbr\u003e4. Deflection of a deck under a hot tub. \u003cbr\u003e5. Deflection of a hollow deck board filled with hot water. \u003cbr\u003e6. Deflection and creep of composite deck boards. \u003cbr\u003eGuardrail systems. \u003cbr\u003eComposite (and PVC) railing systems for which ICC-ES reports were issued until October 2006. \u003cbr\u003eCombined flexural and shear strength: a “shotgun” test 537. \u003cbr\u003eMathematical modeling of wood-plastic composites and the real world. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e8. Compressive and tensile strength and modulus of composite profiles. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003eBasic definitions and equations. \u003cbr\u003eASTM recommendations. \u003cbr\u003eTensile strength of composite materials: examples. \u003cbr\u003eCompressive strength of composite materials. \u003cbr\u003eTensile modulus of elasticity of composite materials. \u003cbr\u003eCompressive modulus of composite materials. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e9. Linear shrinkage of extruded wood-plastic composites. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003eOrigin of shrinkage. \u003cbr\u003eSize of shrinkage. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of density (specific gravity) of WPC on its shrinkage. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of extrusion regime on shrinkage. \u003cbr\u003eAnnealing of composite boards. \u003cbr\u003eWarranty claims: GeoDeck composite deckboards. \u003cbr\u003eExamples of GeoDeck boards shrinkage on a deck. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e10. Temperature driven expansion-contraction of wood-plastic composites. Linear coefficient of thermal expansion-contraction. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003eLinear coefficient of expansion-contraction. \u003cbr\u003eSome reservations in applicability of coefficients of expansion-contraction. \u003cbr\u003eASTM tests recommended for determination of the linear coefficient of thermal expansion-contraction. \u003cbr\u003eLinear coefficient of thermal expansion-contraction for wood-plastic composites. Effect of fillers and coupling agents. \u003cbr\u003eExample: a case study. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e11. Slip resistance and coefficient of friction of composite deck boards. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003eDefinitions. \u003cbr\u003eExplanations and some examples. \u003cbr\u003eSlip resistance of plastics. \u003cbr\u003eSlip resistance of wood decks. \u003cbr\u003eSlip resistance of wood-plastic composite decks. \u003cbr\u003eASTM tests recommended for determining static coefficient of friction. \u003cbr\u003eSlip resistance using an inclined-plane method. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of formulation of composite deck board on slip resistance. Slip enhancers. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e12. Water absorption by composite materials and related effects. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003e“Near-surface” vs. “into the bulk” distribution of absorbed water in composite materials. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of mineral fillers on water absorption. \u003cbr\u003eSwelling (dimensional instability), pressure development and buckling. \u003cbr\u003eShort- and long-term water absorption. \u003cbr\u003eASTM recommendations. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of cellulose content in composite materials on water absorption. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of board density (specific gravity) on water absorption. \u003cbr\u003eMoisture content of wood and wood-plastic composites. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of water absorption on flexural strength and modulus. \u003cbr\u003eFreeze-thaw resistance. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of board density on freeze-thaw resistance - a case study. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of board density and weathering on freeze-thaw resistance - a case study. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of multiple freeze-thaw cycles. \u003cbr\u003eComparison of water absorption of some composite deck boards available on the market. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e13. Microbial degradation of wood-plastic composite materials and “black spots” on the surface. Mold resistance. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003eMicrobial effects on wood-plastic composites. \u003cbr\u003eMold and spores. \u003cbr\u003eMoisture and ventilation. Critical moisture content. \u003cbr\u003eWood decay fungi. \u003cbr\u003eBiocides and “mold resistance”. \u003cbr\u003ePreservatives for wood lumber. \u003cbr\u003eCCA. \u003cbr\u003eACQ. \u003cbr\u003ePCP. \u003cbr\u003eCreosote. \u003cbr\u003eMicroorganisms active in degradation and staining of composite materials. \u003cbr\u003eMolds. \u003cbr\u003eBlack mold. \u003cbr\u003eBlack algae. \u003cbr\u003eCase study 1. Staining with a microbial pigment. \u003cbr\u003eCase study 2. Deck as a mold incubator. \u003cbr\u003eCase study 3. Black mold due to composite low density and high mosture. \u003cbr\u003eMicrobial infestation of wood-plastic composite materials. \u003cbr\u003eRequirements for microbial growth on wood and wood-plastic composites. \u003cbr\u003eSensitivity and resistance of composite materials to microbial degradation. Examples. \u003cbr\u003eASTM tests recommended for microbial growth and degradation of wood-plastic composites. \u003cbr\u003eExamples: wood. \u003cbr\u003eExamples: wood-plastic composites. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of formulation on sensitivity and resistance of wood-plastic composites to microbial degradation. \u003cbr\u003eBiocides used (actually or under consideration) in wood-plastic composites. \u003cbr\u003eBiocides: accelerated laboratory data and the real world. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e14. Flammability and fire rating of wood-plastic composites. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003eFlammability of wood. \u003cbr\u003eIgnition of composite materials. \u003cbr\u003eFlame spread indexes (FSI) and fire rating of composite materials. \u003cbr\u003eEffect of mineral fillers on flammability. \u003cbr\u003eSmoke and toxic gases, and smoke development index (SDI). \u003cbr\u003eFlame retardants for plastics and composite materials. \u003cbr\u003eASTM recommendations. \u003cbr\u003eFire performance of composite decks and deck boards. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e15. Thermo- and photo-oxidative degradation and lifetime of composite building materials. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. Lifetime of plastics and plastic-based composites Examples. \u003cbr\u003eThermo-oxidation, photo-oxidation, oxidative degradation, and product crumbling and failure. \u003cbr\u003eFactors accelerating the oxidative degradation of composites. \u003cbr\u003eDensity (specific gravity) of the composite. \u003cbr\u003eTemperature. \u003cbr\u003eThe physical and the chemical structure of the polymer. \u003cbr\u003eHistory of plastic (virgin, recycled). \u003cbr\u003eThe type and amount of cellulose fiber. \u003cbr\u003eThe type and amount of mineral fillers. \u003cbr\u003eThe presence of stress. \u003cbr\u003eThe presence of metal catalysts. \u003cbr\u003eThe presence of moisture. \u003cbr\u003eAntioxidants and their amounts. \u003cbr\u003eSolar radiation (UV light). \u003cbr\u003eAmount of added regrinds, if any. \u003cbr\u003eASTM recommendations. \u003cbr\u003eASTM tests for oxidative induction time. \u003cbr\u003eASTM tests for determination of phenolic antioxidants in plastics. \u003cbr\u003eSurface temperature of composite decking and railing systems. \u003cbr\u003eLife span of zero-antioxidant GeoDeck decks in various areas of the U.S. \u003cbr\u003eThe OIT and lifetime of composite deck boards. \u003cbr\u003eDurability (in terms of oxidative degradation) of wood-plastic composite decks available on the current market. \u003cbr\u003eOxidative degradation and crumbling of GeoDeck deck boards. History of the case and correction of the problem. \u003cbr\u003eDensity, porosity, and mechanical properties of GeoDeck before the problem had emerged. \u003cbr\u003eEmerging of the problem. \u003cbr\u003eDensity (specific gravity) of GeoDeck boards in pre-October 2003. \u003cbr\u003eCorrection of the crumbling problem-- Antioxidant level. \u003cbr\u003eAddendum. Test method for oxidative-induction time of filled composite material by differential scanning calorimetry. \u003cbr\u003eCase studies. \u003cbr\u003eGeoDeck decks crumbling in Arizona. \u003cbr\u003eGeoDeck decks crumbling in Massachusetts. \u003cbr\u003eGeoDeck voluntary recall. \u003cbr\u003eProblem GeoDeck decks: installation time and warranty claims. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e16. Photo-oxidation and fading of composite building materials. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. \u003cbr\u003eHow fading is measured? \u003cbr\u003eFading. Some introductory definitions. \u003cbr\u003eAccelerated and natural weathering of wood-plastic composite materials, and a correlation (or a lack of it) between them. The acceleration factor. \u003cbr\u003eFading of commercial wood-plastic composite materials. \u003cbr\u003eFading of composite deck boards vs. their crumbling due to oxidation. \u003cbr\u003eFactors accelerating or slowing down fading of composites. \u003cbr\u003eDensity (specific gravity) of the composite. \u003cbr\u003eTemperature. \u003cbr\u003eUV absorbers and their amounts. \u003cbr\u003ePigments and their amounts. \u003cbr\u003eAntioxidants and their amounts. \u003cbr\u003eHistory of plastics (virgin, recycled). \u003cbr\u003eEffect of moisture in the composite. \u003cbr\u003eThe type and amount of cellulose fiber. \u003cbr\u003eExtruded vs. injection molded wood-plastic composite materials. \u003cbr\u003eASTM recommendations. \u003cbr\u003eAddendum: Some definitions and technical terms used in descriptions of. \u003cbr\u003ephotodegradation of plastics and wood-plastic composites. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e17. Rheology and a selection of incoming plastics for composite materials. \u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. Rheology of neat and filled plastics, composite materials and regrinds. \u003cbr\u003eBasic definitions and equations. \u003cbr\u003eASTM recommendations in the area of capillary rheometry. \u003cbr\u003eASTM recommendations in the area of rotational rheometry. \u003cbr\u003eCommon observation. \u003cbr\u003eNeat plastics. \u003cbr\u003eComposite materials. \u003cbr\u003eAlmost uncharted areas of composite and plastic rheology. \u003cbr\u003eReferences. \u003cbr\u003eIndex. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eAbout Author\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAnatole A. Klyosov, PHD, was Consulting Vice President of LDI Composites Co. (formerly Kadant Composites, where he was Vice President of research and development). Dr. Klyosov was also professor of biochemistry at Harvard University for eight years. He is currently Chief Scientist at Pro-Pharmaceuticals, Inc. He has published almost 300 peer-reviewed articles, thirty-five patents, and a number of books."}

Wood-polymers Composites

$230.00

{"id":11242206468,"title":"Wood-polymers Composites","handle":"978-1-4200761-1-0","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: K. Oksman, M. Sain \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-4200761-1-0 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublished: 2008 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nWood-polymer composites (WPC) are materials in which wood is impregnated with monomers that are then polymerized in the wood to tailor the material for special applications. The resulting properties of these materials, from lightness and enhanced mechanical properties to greater sustainability, has meant a growing number of applications in such areas as building, construction and automotive engineering. This important book reviews the manufacture of wood-polymer composites, how their properties can be assessed and improved and their range of uses. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAfter an introductory chapter, the book reviews key aspects of manufacture, including raw materials, manufacturing technologies and interactions between wood and synthetic polymers. Building on this foundation, the following group of chapters discusses mechanical and other properties such as durability, creep behavior and processing performance. The book concludes by looking at orientated wood-polymer composites, wood-polymer composite foams, at ways of assessing performance and at the range of current and future applications. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWith its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Wood-polymer composites will be a valuable reference for all those using and studying these important materials.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIntroduction\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eK Oksman Niska Luleå University of Technology, Sweden and M Sain University of Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRaw Materials for Wood-Polymer Composites\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eC Clemons, USDA Forest Service, USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Polymers: structure and properties\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Wood: structure and properties\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References and further reading\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdditives for Wood-Polymer Composites\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eD V Satov, Canada Colors and Chemicals Limited, Canada\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Lubricants and rheology control additives for thermoplastic composites\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Coupling agents\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Stabilizers\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Fillers\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Density reduction additives\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Biocides\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Product aesthetics additives\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Flame retardants and smoke suppressants\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Future trends\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Conclusions\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInteractions Between Wood and Synthetic Polymers\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eK Oksman Niska and A Sanadi, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- The interface and interphase in composites\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Wetting, adhesion and dispersion\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Techniques to evaluate interfacial interactions and adhesion\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Improving interface interactions in wood-polymer composites\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Interphase effects on other properties\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Conclusions\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References and further reading\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eManufacturing Technologies for Wood-Polymer Composites\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eD Schwendemann, Coperion Werner \u0026amp; Pfleiderer GmbH \u0026amp; Co. KG, Germany\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Raw material handling\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Compounding technologies\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Pelletizing systems\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Profile extrusion\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Injection moulding\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Sheet extrusion\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Future trends\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMechanical Properties of Wood-Polymer Composites\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eM Sain and M Pervaiz, University of Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Mechanical performance of wood-polymer composites\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- General mechanical properties of wood-polymer composites and test methods\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Critical parameters affecting mechanical properties of wood-polymer composites\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Conclusions\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMicromechanical Modelling of Wood-Polymer Composites\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eR C Neagu, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland and E K Gamstedt, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH), Sweden\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Elastic properties\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Hygroexpansion\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Strength\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Conclusions\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutdoor Durability of Wood-Polymer Composites\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eN Stark, USDA Forest Service and D Gardner, University of Maine, USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Characteristics of raw materials\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Changes in composite properties with exposure\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Methods for protection\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Future trends\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Sources of further information and advice\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References and further reading\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCreep Behaviour and Damage of Wood-Polymer Composites\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eN Marcovich and M I Aranguren, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Viscoelasticity and creep\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Creep in wood-plastic composites\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Creep failure and material damage\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Conclusions and future trends\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProcessing Performance of Extruded Wood-Polymer Composites\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eK Englund with M Wolcott, Washington State University, USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Current extrusion processing methods for natural fiber thermoplastic composites\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Rheology of a wood fiber-filled thermoplastic\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Commercial wood-polymer composites\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOriented Wood-Polymer Composites and Related Materials\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eF W Maine, Frank Maine Consulting Ltd, Canada\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Orientation of polymers\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Applications\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Current developments\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Future trends\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWood-Polymer Composite Foams\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eG Guo, University of Southern California, USA, G Rizvi, University of Ontario Institute of Technology and C B Park, University of Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Structure and characterization of wood-polymer composite foams\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Critical issues in production of wood-polymer composite foams\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Fundamental mechanisms in blowing agent-based foaming of wood-polymer composites\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Foaming of wood-polymer composites with chemical blowing agents\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Foaming of wood-polymer composites with physical blowing agents\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Foaming of wood-polymer composites with heat expandable microspheres\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Void formation in wood-polymer composites using stretching technology\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Effects of additives on wood-polymer composite foams\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Summary and future trends\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePerformance Measurement and Construction Applications of Wood-Polymer Composites\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eR J Tichy, Washington State University, USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Performance measures and building codes\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Wood-polymer composite properties\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Building construction applications\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Conclusions\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLife Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Wood-Polymer Composites: a Case-Study\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eT Thamae and C Baillie, Queens University, Canada\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction: comparing wood-polymer and glass-fibre reinforced polypropylene car door panels\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- The life cycle assessment process\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Goal and scope definition\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Inventory\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Impact assessment\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Interpretation\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- The possible effect of European Union legislation on end-of-life vehicles\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Conclusions\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Acknowledgements\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarket and Future Trends for Wood-Polymer Composites In Europe: The Example Of Germany\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eM Carus and C Gahle, nova-Institut and H Korte, Innovationsberatung Holz \u0026amp; Fasern, Germany\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- The development of the European market: the example of Germany\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- The most significant wood-polymer composite products in the European market\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Future trends: markets\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Future trends: processing and materials\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Conclusions\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Wood-polymer composite codes, standards, research and manufacturing in Europe\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- The nova-Institut and Innovationsberatung Holz und Fasern\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Examples of wood polymer-composite products\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImproving Wood-Polymer Composite Products: A Case Study\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA Klyosov, MIR International Inc., USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction: wood-polymer composite decking\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Brands and manufacturers\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Improving the performance of wood-polymer composite decking\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Conclusions\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eAbout Author\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eK. Oksman, Luea University of Technology, Sweden\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM. Sain, University of Toronto, Canada\u003c\/p\u003e","published_at":"2017-06-22T21:12:57-04:00","created_at":"2017-06-22T21:12:57-04:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2008","applications","book","composites","creep","durability","extrusion","foaming","foams","p-structural","polymer","properties","rheology","wood-polymer"],"price":23000,"price_min":23000,"price_max":23000,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":43378322052,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Wood-polymers Composites","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":23000,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-1-4200761-1-0","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[]}],"images":["\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-4200761-1-0_ede969c6-3b9b-4199-864f-50be71b810c3.jpg?v=1499957381"],"featured_image":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-4200761-1-0_ede969c6-3b9b-4199-864f-50be71b810c3.jpg?v=1499957381","options":["Title"],"media":[{"alt":null,"id":358844006493,"position":1,"preview_image":{"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"width":345,"src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-4200761-1-0_ede969c6-3b9b-4199-864f-50be71b810c3.jpg?v=1499957381"},"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"media_type":"image","src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-4200761-1-0_ede969c6-3b9b-4199-864f-50be71b810c3.jpg?v=1499957381","width":345}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: K. Oksman, M. Sain \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-4200761-1-0 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublished: 2008 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nWood-polymer composites (WPC) are materials in which wood is impregnated with monomers that are then polymerized in the wood to tailor the material for special applications. The resulting properties of these materials, from lightness and enhanced mechanical properties to greater sustainability, has meant a growing number of applications in such areas as building, construction and automotive engineering. This important book reviews the manufacture of wood-polymer composites, how their properties can be assessed and improved and their range of uses. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAfter an introductory chapter, the book reviews key aspects of manufacture, including raw materials, manufacturing technologies and interactions between wood and synthetic polymers. Building on this foundation, the following group of chapters discusses mechanical and other properties such as durability, creep behavior and processing performance. The book concludes by looking at orientated wood-polymer composites, wood-polymer composite foams, at ways of assessing performance and at the range of current and future applications. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWith its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Wood-polymer composites will be a valuable reference for all those using and studying these important materials.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIntroduction\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eK Oksman Niska Luleå University of Technology, Sweden and M Sain University of Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRaw Materials for Wood-Polymer Composites\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eC Clemons, USDA Forest Service, USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Polymers: structure and properties\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Wood: structure and properties\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References and further reading\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdditives for Wood-Polymer Composites\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eD V Satov, Canada Colors and Chemicals Limited, Canada\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Lubricants and rheology control additives for thermoplastic composites\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Coupling agents\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Stabilizers\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Fillers\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Density reduction additives\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Biocides\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Product aesthetics additives\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Flame retardants and smoke suppressants\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Future trends\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Conclusions\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInteractions Between Wood and Synthetic Polymers\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eK Oksman Niska and A Sanadi, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- The interface and interphase in composites\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Wetting, adhesion and dispersion\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Techniques to evaluate interfacial interactions and adhesion\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Improving interface interactions in wood-polymer composites\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Interphase effects on other properties\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Conclusions\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References and further reading\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eManufacturing Technologies for Wood-Polymer Composites\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eD Schwendemann, Coperion Werner \u0026amp; Pfleiderer GmbH \u0026amp; Co. KG, Germany\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Raw material handling\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Compounding technologies\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Pelletizing systems\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Profile extrusion\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Injection moulding\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Sheet extrusion\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Future trends\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMechanical Properties of Wood-Polymer Composites\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eM Sain and M Pervaiz, University of Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Mechanical performance of wood-polymer composites\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- General mechanical properties of wood-polymer composites and test methods\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Critical parameters affecting mechanical properties of wood-polymer composites\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Conclusions\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMicromechanical Modelling of Wood-Polymer Composites\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eR C Neagu, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland and E K Gamstedt, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH), Sweden\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Elastic properties\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Hygroexpansion\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Strength\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Conclusions\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutdoor Durability of Wood-Polymer Composites\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eN Stark, USDA Forest Service and D Gardner, University of Maine, USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Characteristics of raw materials\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Changes in composite properties with exposure\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Methods for protection\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Future trends\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Sources of further information and advice\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References and further reading\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCreep Behaviour and Damage of Wood-Polymer Composites\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eN Marcovich and M I Aranguren, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Viscoelasticity and creep\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Creep in wood-plastic composites\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Creep failure and material damage\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Conclusions and future trends\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProcessing Performance of Extruded Wood-Polymer Composites\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eK Englund with M Wolcott, Washington State University, USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Current extrusion processing methods for natural fiber thermoplastic composites\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Rheology of a wood fiber-filled thermoplastic\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Commercial wood-polymer composites\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOriented Wood-Polymer Composites and Related Materials\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eF W Maine, Frank Maine Consulting Ltd, Canada\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Orientation of polymers\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Applications\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Current developments\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Future trends\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWood-Polymer Composite Foams\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eG Guo, University of Southern California, USA, G Rizvi, University of Ontario Institute of Technology and C B Park, University of Toronto, Canada\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Structure and characterization of wood-polymer composite foams\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Critical issues in production of wood-polymer composite foams\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Fundamental mechanisms in blowing agent-based foaming of wood-polymer composites\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Foaming of wood-polymer composites with chemical blowing agents\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Foaming of wood-polymer composites with physical blowing agents\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Foaming of wood-polymer composites with heat expandable microspheres\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Void formation in wood-polymer composites using stretching technology\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Effects of additives on wood-polymer composite foams\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Summary and future trends\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePerformance Measurement and Construction Applications of Wood-Polymer Composites\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eR J Tichy, Washington State University, USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Performance measures and building codes\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Wood-polymer composite properties\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Building construction applications\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Conclusions\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLife Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Wood-Polymer Composites: a Case-Study\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eT Thamae and C Baillie, Queens University, Canada\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction: comparing wood-polymer and glass-fibre reinforced polypropylene car door panels\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- The life cycle assessment process\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Goal and scope definition\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Inventory\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Impact assessment\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Interpretation\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- The possible effect of European Union legislation on end-of-life vehicles\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Conclusions\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Acknowledgements\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarket and Future Trends for Wood-Polymer Composites In Europe: The Example Of Germany\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eM Carus and C Gahle, nova-Institut and H Korte, Innovationsberatung Holz \u0026amp; Fasern, Germany\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- The development of the European market: the example of Germany\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- The most significant wood-polymer composite products in the European market\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Future trends: markets\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Future trends: processing and materials\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Conclusions\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Wood-polymer composite codes, standards, research and manufacturing in Europe\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- The nova-Institut and Innovationsberatung Holz und Fasern\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Examples of wood polymer-composite products\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImproving Wood-Polymer Composite Products: A Case Study\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA Klyosov, MIR International Inc., USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Introduction: wood-polymer composite decking\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Brands and manufacturers\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Improving the performance of wood-polymer composite decking\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- Conclusions\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- References\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eAbout Author\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eK. Oksman, Luea University of Technology, Sweden\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM. Sain, University of Toronto, Canada\u003c\/p\u003e"}

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