Emissions from Processing Thermoplastics
A broad range of bulk thermoplastic materials were studied by monitoring real processing situations (both moulding and extrusion). Materials studied included PVC, nylon 6, ABS, HIPS, LDPE and HDPE. Emissions collected during standard processing and purging operations were analysed by thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Related Products
Addcon World 2000
$177.00
{"id":11242235652,"title":"Addcon World 2000","handle":"978-1-85957-242-9","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: Conference Proceedings \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-85957-242-9 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePublished: 2000\u003cbr\u003ePages 168\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThis 6th successful Addcon World conference discussed the threats, opportunities, and trends in the additives business today. New products and processes were also revealed along with a discussion of legislation and its impact on the additives business. Addcon World conferences are specifically targeted to the plastics additives industry and have been successfully run by Rapra Technology Limited for the past 5 years. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe papers presented at this year’s conference will appeal to suppliers of additives, compounders and end-users along with people who want to learn how to use additives\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eList of Papers\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFlexible Vinyl Medical Products: Discussion about the Extraction Characteristics of Various Plasticizers\u003cbr\u003eRichard C. Adams, BP Amoco Chemicals, USA \u003cbr\u003eBenzoate Plasticizer for Reducing Plastisol Viscosity and Fusion Temperature\u003cbr\u003eTom Bohnert, B. Stanhope, K. Gruszecki, S. Pitman, V. Elsworth, Velsicol Chemical Corporation, USA, and Velsicol Chemical Limited, UK \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDetermination of Phenolic Antioxidant Stabilizers in PP and HDPE by Means of an Oxidative Model Reaction\u003cbr\u003eE. B. Zeinalov 1 , Hartmut F. Schroeder 2* and H. Bahr 2 , 1 Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Institute of Petrochemical Processes (IPCPAcS), Baku, 2 Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Germany \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAchieving More Value From Additives Via New Physical Forms\u003cbr\u003eCorrado Callierotti 1 , Luciano Pallini 1 , Giovanni Sandre 1 , Robert Lee 2 , Ming Wu 2 , Klaus Keck-Antoine 3 \u0026amp; Brian Johnson 3 , 1 Great Lakes Manufacturing Italia, Italy, 2 Great Lakes Chemical Corporation, USA, 3 Great Lakes Technology Belgium, Belgium \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eStabilizer Package Development - Importance of the Test Criteria Selection\u003cbr\u003eJán Malík and Isolde Bachert, Technical Service Polymer Additives, Clariant Huningue SA, France \u003cbr\u003eThe Impact of Environmental Issues on the Growth of Plastics Additives\u003cbr\u003eThomas Galvanek, Fred Gastrock and Louis N. Kattas, BRG Townsend Inc., USA \u003cbr\u003eEvaluation of Stabilizer Performance in Polymers Using Chemiluminescence\u003cbr\u003eNorman C. Billingham, 1 Peter Fearon, 1 David J. Whiteman, Niall Marshall 2 and Stephen P. Bigger 3 , 1 School of Chemistry, Physics and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, UK, 2 Polifin Limited, South Africa, 3 School of Life Sciences and Technology, Victoria University, Australia \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePolymer Additives Based on Renewable Materials; Opportunities and Trends\u003cbr\u003eJ. van Haveren, Agrotechnological Research Institute, The Netherlands\u003cbr\u003e(Paper unavailable at time of print) \u003cbr\u003eCriteria and Examples of Optimal Choice of Flame Retardants\u003cbr\u003eAchim Litzenburger, Eurobrom BV, Netherlands \u003cbr\u003eNew Metal Hydroxides with Improved Performance for Flame Retardancy in Plastics\u003cbr\u003eRené Herbiet, alusuisse martinswerk gmbh, Germany \u003cbr\u003eProductivity Gains in BOPP Film Production Through Stabilization with Lactone Technology\u003cbr\u003eDoris Eisermann, Ciba Specialty Chemicals Limited, Switzerland\u003cbr\u003e(Paper unavailable at time of print) \u003cbr\u003eThe Role of Market Research in the Additives Business\u003cbr\u003eRichard Beswick, bms AG, Switzerland\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e","published_at":"2017-06-22T21:14:30-04:00","created_at":"2017-06-22T21:14:30-04:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2000","additives","air monitoring","book","electronics","environment","health","p-structural","plastic","plastics","polymer","rubber","safety","stabilizers"],"price":17700,"price_min":17700,"price_max":17700,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":43378419716,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Addcon World 2000","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":17700,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-1-85957-242-9","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[]}],"images":["\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-242-9.jpg?v=1498183879"],"featured_image":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-242-9.jpg?v=1498183879","options":["Title"],"media":[{"alt":null,"id":350137614429,"position":1,"preview_image":{"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"width":345,"src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-242-9.jpg?v=1498183879"},"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"media_type":"image","src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-242-9.jpg?v=1498183879","width":345}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: Conference Proceedings \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-85957-242-9 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePublished: 2000\u003cbr\u003ePages 168\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThis 6th successful Addcon World conference discussed the threats, opportunities, and trends in the additives business today. New products and processes were also revealed along with a discussion of legislation and its impact on the additives business. Addcon World conferences are specifically targeted to the plastics additives industry and have been successfully run by Rapra Technology Limited for the past 5 years. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe papers presented at this year’s conference will appeal to suppliers of additives, compounders and end-users along with people who want to learn how to use additives\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eList of Papers\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFlexible Vinyl Medical Products: Discussion about the Extraction Characteristics of Various Plasticizers\u003cbr\u003eRichard C. Adams, BP Amoco Chemicals, USA \u003cbr\u003eBenzoate Plasticizer for Reducing Plastisol Viscosity and Fusion Temperature\u003cbr\u003eTom Bohnert, B. Stanhope, K. Gruszecki, S. Pitman, V. Elsworth, Velsicol Chemical Corporation, USA, and Velsicol Chemical Limited, UK \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDetermination of Phenolic Antioxidant Stabilizers in PP and HDPE by Means of an Oxidative Model Reaction\u003cbr\u003eE. B. Zeinalov 1 , Hartmut F. Schroeder 2* and H. Bahr 2 , 1 Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Institute of Petrochemical Processes (IPCPAcS), Baku, 2 Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Germany \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAchieving More Value From Additives Via New Physical Forms\u003cbr\u003eCorrado Callierotti 1 , Luciano Pallini 1 , Giovanni Sandre 1 , Robert Lee 2 , Ming Wu 2 , Klaus Keck-Antoine 3 \u0026amp; Brian Johnson 3 , 1 Great Lakes Manufacturing Italia, Italy, 2 Great Lakes Chemical Corporation, USA, 3 Great Lakes Technology Belgium, Belgium \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eStabilizer Package Development - Importance of the Test Criteria Selection\u003cbr\u003eJán Malík and Isolde Bachert, Technical Service Polymer Additives, Clariant Huningue SA, France \u003cbr\u003eThe Impact of Environmental Issues on the Growth of Plastics Additives\u003cbr\u003eThomas Galvanek, Fred Gastrock and Louis N. Kattas, BRG Townsend Inc., USA \u003cbr\u003eEvaluation of Stabilizer Performance in Polymers Using Chemiluminescence\u003cbr\u003eNorman C. Billingham, 1 Peter Fearon, 1 David J. Whiteman, Niall Marshall 2 and Stephen P. Bigger 3 , 1 School of Chemistry, Physics and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, UK, 2 Polifin Limited, South Africa, 3 School of Life Sciences and Technology, Victoria University, Australia \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePolymer Additives Based on Renewable Materials; Opportunities and Trends\u003cbr\u003eJ. van Haveren, Agrotechnological Research Institute, The Netherlands\u003cbr\u003e(Paper unavailable at time of print) \u003cbr\u003eCriteria and Examples of Optimal Choice of Flame Retardants\u003cbr\u003eAchim Litzenburger, Eurobrom BV, Netherlands \u003cbr\u003eNew Metal Hydroxides with Improved Performance for Flame Retardancy in Plastics\u003cbr\u003eRené Herbiet, alusuisse martinswerk gmbh, Germany \u003cbr\u003eProductivity Gains in BOPP Film Production Through Stabilization with Lactone Technology\u003cbr\u003eDoris Eisermann, Ciba Specialty Chemicals Limited, Switzerland\u003cbr\u003e(Paper unavailable at time of print) \u003cbr\u003eThe Role of Market Research in the Additives Business\u003cbr\u003eRichard Beswick, bms AG, Switzerland\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e"}
Addcon World 2001
$175.00
{"id":11242235780,"title":"Addcon World 2001","handle":"978-1-85957-295-5","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: Conference Proceedings \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-85957-295-5 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBerlin, 8th-9th October 2001\u003cbr\u003epages 400\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAddcon World conferences are specifically targeted to the plastics additive industry, to your own type of business. The people who attend may be suppliers of additives, or compounders, or end-users or they may be people who want to know how to use additives. Rapra Technology Ltd. has run Addcon successfully for 6 years, to a proven formula, based on two days of short presentations. Papers are mostly technical, but there are a few commercial overviews too. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThere are always new business opportunities for additives. Thermosetting resins are becoming widely accepted in new building and construction markets and they are increasingly deployed in the refurbishment of older civil engineering structures. The wire and cable insulation industry need well stabilized and flame resistant polymers to help provide the infrastructure for new communications technology. Customers want more difficult combinations of properties – such as transparent but permanently antistatic products, or pigments capable of offering novel visual effects, without loss of functional properties. The drive for more cost-effective processing has produced more ingenious lubricants and other processing aids. The search for more effective stabilizers to prolong the useful life of polymer articles continues, and new cost-effective ways of incorporating additives are being developed, Additives remain at the forefront of the revolution in material usage.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eList of Papers\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 1: From cost-cutting to knowledge-based services. How e-business will enable companies to gain competitive advantage and generate new revenues in the plastics additives industry\u003cbr\u003eW. Schachermayr \u0026amp; B. Hasson, SpecialChem, France\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 2: Additive blends: -rapid change, expanding opportunities\u003cbr\u003eRobert Constable, F Gastrock \u0026amp; L.N. Kattas, BRG Townsend Inc., USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 3: Special multiple component systems: a new solid supply form in the field of polymer additives Micheal Bauer, lnprotec A G, Germany \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 4: Current Trends In the Global Plasticizer Industry\u003cbr\u003eTarun Khemiani, Chemimi Market Resources, Inc., USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 5: Benefits of No Dust Blends (NDB) - The Performance of Processing Stabilisers in new Physical Forms and Blends\u003cbr\u003eKlaus Keck-Antoine, B. Johnson, R. Lee, K. Pearson, N. Alien \u0026amp; N. Ortuoste, Great Lakes Chemical Corp., UK\u003cbr\u003e(Paper unavailable at time of print)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 6: Antioxidants as sources of plastics discoloration: structural effects\u003cbr\u003eJan Pospisl1, W.D. Habicher2, S. Nespurek3 and O.G. Piringer4, 1Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Prague, Czech Republic, 2Technical University of Dresden, 3Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich; 4Fabes Forschungs-GmbH \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 7: Cost-effective additions of new mineral fibers for automotive applications\u003cbr\u003eRoel H C Cols, Lapinus Fibres B V, The Netherlands\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 8: Neoalkoxytitanate and zirconate coupling agent additives in thermoplastics\u003cbr\u003eSalvatore J Monte, Kenrich Petrochemicals Inc, USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 9: Use of post-life wastes and production wastes in thermoplastic polymer compositions\u003cbr\u003eEwa Kowalska, Z Wielgosz \u0026amp; J Pelka, Industrial Chemical Research lnstitute, Warsaw, Poland\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 10: Calcium Carbonates for Microporous Breathable Films – Market and Product Requirements\u003cbr\u003eGil Morieras, Omya AG, Germany\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 11: Specific Conductive , In Plastics Applications\u003cbr\u003eChristine van Bellingen, Erachem Europe SA, Belgium\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 12: Sustainable Fire Safety In Electrical and Electronic Equipment\u003cbr\u003eTroy De Soto, R Dawson and S D Landry, Albemarle Corp., Belgium\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 13: Evaluation of performance of halogenated and non-halogenated flame retardant additives in polypropylene (pp) homopolymer for battery applications by injection moulding\u003cbr\u003eR Rangaprasad, K Rangan and Y B Vasudeo, Reliance Industries Limited, India\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 14: New proprietary flame retardant systems meet plastics market requirements\u003cbr\u003eAchim Litzenburger, Eurobrom B V, The Netherlands\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 15: Siloxanes as Additives for Plastics\u003cbr\u003eStefan Stadtmueller, Goldschmidt AG, Germany\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 16: Performance of Fluoroelastomers successfully meets the predictions\u003cbr\u003eXavier Fanichet, DuPont Dow Elastomers, Switzerland\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 17: The Influence of nucleating agents on the dimensioned stability of pigmented mouldings\u003cbr\u003ePaul E. Tomfins, C E Fomo and P Bartlett, National Physical Laboratory, UK\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 18: A revolutionary light stabilizer system for polyolefins and other resins\u003cbr\u003eL. Davis1, S.B. Samuels1, I. Vulic2 and Paolo Arnaboldi2, 1Cytec Industries, USA, 2Cytec Industries B. V., The Netherlands ; \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 19: New solid solution HALS resulting in Improved UV stability due to optimized Incorporation in a polyolefin matrix\u003cbr\u003eJoachim Bayer, Clarient, Germany\u003cbr\u003e(Paper unavailable at time of print)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 20: A quantitative study of sterically hindered phenol and amino stabilizers In PP materials\u003cbr\u003eHartmut F. Schroeder, BAM, Germany and E.B. Zeynalov, IPCP AcS (Azerbaijan)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 21: Novel effect additives to increase the versatility of plastics\u003cbr\u003eUrs Hirt, Ciba Specialty Chemicals lnc, Switzerland\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 22: Polybutenes: a versatile modifier for plastics\u003cbr\u003eSerge Decroocq, BP Amoco, France\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 23: Problems \u0026amp; Pitfalls In the Design \u0026amp; Evaluation of Biocides for Plastics\u003cbr\u003eChris Kneale, Avecia Biocides, UK\u003cbr\u003e(paper unavailable at time of print)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 24: Beyond Colour- Dyestuff Molecules providing Shade\u003cbr\u003eAlban Glaser, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Germany\u003cbr\u003e(Paper unavailable at time of print)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 25: Permanent, transparent, non-blooming and non-hygroscopic antistatic agents based on thermally stable combined neoalkoxy organometallics\u003cbr\u003eSalvatore J. Monte, Kenrich Petrochemicals lnc., USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e","published_at":"2017-06-22T21:14:30-04:00","created_at":"2017-06-22T21:14:30-04:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2001","air monitoring","antistatic agents","book","carbon blacks","environment","flame retardants","health","plastic","plastics","polymer","safety","stabilizers"],"price":17500,"price_min":17500,"price_max":17500,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":43378420100,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Addcon World 2001","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":17500,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-1-85957-295-5","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[]}],"images":["\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-295-5.jpg?v=1498183916"],"featured_image":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-295-5.jpg?v=1498183916","options":["Title"],"media":[{"alt":null,"id":350137712733,"position":1,"preview_image":{"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"width":345,"src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-295-5.jpg?v=1498183916"},"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"media_type":"image","src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-295-5.jpg?v=1498183916","width":345}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: Conference Proceedings \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-85957-295-5 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBerlin, 8th-9th October 2001\u003cbr\u003epages 400\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAddcon World conferences are specifically targeted to the plastics additive industry, to your own type of business. The people who attend may be suppliers of additives, or compounders, or end-users or they may be people who want to know how to use additives. Rapra Technology Ltd. has run Addcon successfully for 6 years, to a proven formula, based on two days of short presentations. Papers are mostly technical, but there are a few commercial overviews too. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThere are always new business opportunities for additives. Thermosetting resins are becoming widely accepted in new building and construction markets and they are increasingly deployed in the refurbishment of older civil engineering structures. The wire and cable insulation industry need well stabilized and flame resistant polymers to help provide the infrastructure for new communications technology. Customers want more difficult combinations of properties – such as transparent but permanently antistatic products, or pigments capable of offering novel visual effects, without loss of functional properties. The drive for more cost-effective processing has produced more ingenious lubricants and other processing aids. The search for more effective stabilizers to prolong the useful life of polymer articles continues, and new cost-effective ways of incorporating additives are being developed, Additives remain at the forefront of the revolution in material usage.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eList of Papers\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 1: From cost-cutting to knowledge-based services. How e-business will enable companies to gain competitive advantage and generate new revenues in the plastics additives industry\u003cbr\u003eW. Schachermayr \u0026amp; B. Hasson, SpecialChem, France\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 2: Additive blends: -rapid change, expanding opportunities\u003cbr\u003eRobert Constable, F Gastrock \u0026amp; L.N. Kattas, BRG Townsend Inc., USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 3: Special multiple component systems: a new solid supply form in the field of polymer additives Micheal Bauer, lnprotec A G, Germany \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 4: Current Trends In the Global Plasticizer Industry\u003cbr\u003eTarun Khemiani, Chemimi Market Resources, Inc., USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 5: Benefits of No Dust Blends (NDB) - The Performance of Processing Stabilisers in new Physical Forms and Blends\u003cbr\u003eKlaus Keck-Antoine, B. Johnson, R. Lee, K. Pearson, N. Alien \u0026amp; N. Ortuoste, Great Lakes Chemical Corp., UK\u003cbr\u003e(Paper unavailable at time of print)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 6: Antioxidants as sources of plastics discoloration: structural effects\u003cbr\u003eJan Pospisl1, W.D. Habicher2, S. Nespurek3 and O.G. Piringer4, 1Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Prague, Czech Republic, 2Technical University of Dresden, 3Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich; 4Fabes Forschungs-GmbH \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 7: Cost-effective additions of new mineral fibers for automotive applications\u003cbr\u003eRoel H C Cols, Lapinus Fibres B V, The Netherlands\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 8: Neoalkoxytitanate and zirconate coupling agent additives in thermoplastics\u003cbr\u003eSalvatore J Monte, Kenrich Petrochemicals Inc, USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 9: Use of post-life wastes and production wastes in thermoplastic polymer compositions\u003cbr\u003eEwa Kowalska, Z Wielgosz \u0026amp; J Pelka, Industrial Chemical Research lnstitute, Warsaw, Poland\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 10: Calcium Carbonates for Microporous Breathable Films – Market and Product Requirements\u003cbr\u003eGil Morieras, Omya AG, Germany\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 11: Specific Conductive , In Plastics Applications\u003cbr\u003eChristine van Bellingen, Erachem Europe SA, Belgium\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 12: Sustainable Fire Safety In Electrical and Electronic Equipment\u003cbr\u003eTroy De Soto, R Dawson and S D Landry, Albemarle Corp., Belgium\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 13: Evaluation of performance of halogenated and non-halogenated flame retardant additives in polypropylene (pp) homopolymer for battery applications by injection moulding\u003cbr\u003eR Rangaprasad, K Rangan and Y B Vasudeo, Reliance Industries Limited, India\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 14: New proprietary flame retardant systems meet plastics market requirements\u003cbr\u003eAchim Litzenburger, Eurobrom B V, The Netherlands\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 15: Siloxanes as Additives for Plastics\u003cbr\u003eStefan Stadtmueller, Goldschmidt AG, Germany\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 16: Performance of Fluoroelastomers successfully meets the predictions\u003cbr\u003eXavier Fanichet, DuPont Dow Elastomers, Switzerland\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 17: The Influence of nucleating agents on the dimensioned stability of pigmented mouldings\u003cbr\u003ePaul E. Tomfins, C E Fomo and P Bartlett, National Physical Laboratory, UK\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 18: A revolutionary light stabilizer system for polyolefins and other resins\u003cbr\u003eL. Davis1, S.B. Samuels1, I. Vulic2 and Paolo Arnaboldi2, 1Cytec Industries, USA, 2Cytec Industries B. V., The Netherlands ; \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 19: New solid solution HALS resulting in Improved UV stability due to optimized Incorporation in a polyolefin matrix\u003cbr\u003eJoachim Bayer, Clarient, Germany\u003cbr\u003e(Paper unavailable at time of print)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 20: A quantitative study of sterically hindered phenol and amino stabilizers In PP materials\u003cbr\u003eHartmut F. Schroeder, BAM, Germany and E.B. Zeynalov, IPCP AcS (Azerbaijan)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 21: Novel effect additives to increase the versatility of plastics\u003cbr\u003eUrs Hirt, Ciba Specialty Chemicals lnc, Switzerland\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 22: Polybutenes: a versatile modifier for plastics\u003cbr\u003eSerge Decroocq, BP Amoco, France\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 23: Problems \u0026amp; Pitfalls In the Design \u0026amp; Evaluation of Biocides for Plastics\u003cbr\u003eChris Kneale, Avecia Biocides, UK\u003cbr\u003e(paper unavailable at time of print)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 24: Beyond Colour- Dyestuff Molecules providing Shade\u003cbr\u003eAlban Glaser, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Germany\u003cbr\u003e(Paper unavailable at time of print)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaper 25: Permanent, transparent, non-blooming and non-hygroscopic antistatic agents based on thermally stable combined neoalkoxy organometallics\u003cbr\u003eSalvatore J. Monte, Kenrich Petrochemicals lnc., USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e"}
Air Monitoring in the ...
$126.00
{"id":11242214276,"title":"Air Monitoring in the Rubber and Plastics Industries","handle":"978-1-85957-374-7","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: B.G. Willoughby \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-85957-374-7 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003epages 250\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nHealth, safety, and the environment are key driving factors in the industry in the 21st Century. Monitoring of exposure to chemicals in the workplace and in emissions from factories is used to calculate exposure to possible chemical toxins including carcinogens. Other factors must also be considered in chemical monitoring, such as the actual risk of harm and possible areas of high exposure, such as when opening ovens or dealing with equipment problems, situations where a build-up of the chemical can occur in an enclosed environment. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDifferent types of monitoring equipment and ways of monitoring are available. For example, static monitoring can be carried out in one place over a period of time, or a recorder can be placed on an employee near to the breathing zone to measure individual exposure to chemicals. There are many factors which can lead to inaccurate interpretation of results from using equipment which does not distinguish between critical chemicals or which is not sufficiently sensitive, to not taking into account local factors such as employee's smoking habits. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTo measure a chemical in air, it must first be trapped in some way and the trapped sample analysed. There are different methods of trapping from simple grab sampling of air to the use of filters, absorbents, and adsorbents. The trapped sample must be analysed and a variety of methods are available. Chemicals present at low levels can still be toxic. The aim is to choose a method that is capable of measuring across the range of exposure levels of concern. Government bodies such as NIOSH and OSHA in the USA and the HSE in the UK have published approved methods for specific chemical species. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThere are many chemicals in use in the rubber and plastics industries from the monomers polymerised to form plastics and rubbers, to the additives used to enhance the polymer properties. In addition, other potentially hazardous substances are formed by reactions between these base chemicals and with air. The formation of suspected carcinogenic nitrosamine compounds by some rubber formulations is a case in point. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis book examines the types of chemicals found in the polymer industry and the potential hazards. It goes on to explain the common chemical reactions of concern to health and safety. Monitoring methods are described in some detail together with their limitations. This is essentially a practical book giving a background to the chemistry of the polymer industry and chemical monitoring methods. It will be of use to workers and managers across the industry in explaining what should be done and why. It will be of particular interest to occupational health and environmental monitoring specialists.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cb\u003e1 What to Look for – What’s There at the Start\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e1.1 Risk Assessment\u003cbr\u003e1.2 Hazards from Ingredients\u003cbr\u003e1.2.1 Accelerators and Activators\u003cbr\u003e1.2.2 Antioxidants and Antiozonants\u003cbr\u003e1.2.3 Blowing Agents\u003cbr\u003e1.2.4 Colourants\u003cbr\u003e1.2.5 Crosslinking Agents\u003cbr\u003e1.2.6 Fillers\u003cbr\u003e1.2.7 Flame Retardants\u003cbr\u003e1.2.8 Heat Stabilisers\u003cbr\u003e1.2.9 Monomers\u003cbr\u003e1.2.10 Plasticisers\u003cbr\u003e1.2.11 Retarders\u003cbr\u003e1.2.12 Solvents\u003cbr\u003e1.3 Likelihood of Exposure\u003cbr\u003e1.3.1 Dusts (Airborne Particulates)\u003cbr\u003e1.3.2 What is Dust?\u003cbr\u003e1.3.3 How Does Dust Originate?\u003cbr\u003e1.3.4 Airborne Vapours\u003cbr\u003e1.3.5 Vapour Generation from Liquids \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 What to Look for – What’s Created During Processing\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e2.1 Thermal Breakdown\u003cbr\u003e2.1.1 Thermal Degradation of Polymers\u003cbr\u003e2.1.2 Thermal Decomposition of Peroxides\u003cbr\u003e2.1.3 Thermal Decomposition of Blowing Agents\u003cbr\u003e2.1.4 Thermal Decomposition of Flame Retardants\u003cbr\u003e2.2 Thermo-Oxidative Breakdown\u003cbr\u003e2.2.1 Thermo-Oxidative Degradation of Polymers\u003cbr\u003e2.2.2 Side-Chain Oxidation of Organo-Nitrogen Compounds\u003cbr\u003e2.3 Crosslinking of Rubbers – Vulcanisation\u003cbr\u003e2.3.1 Peroxide Crosslinking\u003cbr\u003e2.3.2 Sulfur Crosslinking\u003cbr\u003e2.3.3 Amines and Delayed Action Cures\u003cbr\u003e2.3.4 Nitrosamines\u003cbr\u003e2.4 Hazards from Volatile By-Products\u003cbr\u003e2.4.1 Aldehydes\u003cbr\u003e2.4.2 Aliphatic Amines\u003cbr\u003e2.4.3 Ammonia, CAS: 7664-41-7\u003cbr\u003e2.4.4 Aniline, CAS: 626-38-0\u003cbr\u003e2.4.5 Benzene, CAS: 71-43-2\u003cbr\u003e2.4.6 Biphenyl, CAS: 92-52-4\u003cbr\u003e2.4.7 tert-Butanol (2-methylpropan-2-ol), CAS: 75-65-0\u003cbr\u003e2.4.8 Carbon Disulfide, CAS: 75-15-0\u003cbr\u003e2.4.9 Carbon Monoxide, CAS: 630-08-0\u003cbr\u003e2.4.10 Chlorobenzene, CAS: 108-90-7\u003cbr\u003e2.4.11 Hydrogen Halides\u003cbr\u003e2.4.12 Ketones\u003cbr\u003e2.4.13 a-Methylstyrene (2-phenylpropene), CAS: 98-83-9\u003cbr\u003e2.4.14 N-Nitrosamines\u003cbr\u003e2.4.15 Ozone, CAS: 10028-15-6\u003cbr\u003e2.4.16 2,2´,4,4´-Tetrachlorobiphenyl, CAS: 2437-79-8\u003cbr\u003e2.4.17 Tetramethylsuccinonitrile, CAS: 3333-52-6\u003cbr\u003e2.5 Likelihood of Exposure\u003cbr\u003e2.5.1 Catalytic Effects\u003cbr\u003e2.5.2 Residence Times \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Air Monitoring Strategies\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e3.1 Concentration Profiling and Leak Detection\u003cbr\u003e3.2 Personal Exposure Monitoring\u003cbr\u003e3.3 Compliance with Legislation\u003cbr\u003e3.4 Monitoring the Performance of Engineering Controls\u003cbr\u003e3.4.1 Capture Efficiency\u003cbr\u003e3.4.2 Transport Efficiency\u003cbr\u003e3.4.3 Static Pressure\u003cbr\u003e3.4.4 Velocity Pressure\u003cbr\u003e3.4.5 Total Air Flow – Determination of Mean Velocity within a Duct\u003cbr\u003e3.4.6 Volume Air Flow from Mean Velocity \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Indirect Methods – Trapping Species from Air\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e4.1 Types of Airborne Pollutant\u003cbr\u003e4.2 Whole Air Samples – Grab Sampling\u003cbr\u003e4.3 Total Particulates Trapping\u003cbr\u003e4.3.1 Inertia Trapping\u003cbr\u003e4.3.2 Flow Rate Considerations\u003cbr\u003e4.3.3 Filter Types\u003cbr\u003e4.3.4 Handling Fibrous Filters\u003cbr\u003e4.4 Sampling for Total Inhalable Particulates\u003cbr\u003e4.5 Sampling for Respirable Particulates\u003cbr\u003e4.6 Sampling in Ducts and Stacks – Isokinetic Sampling\u003cbr\u003e4.7 Static Samplers\u003cbr\u003e4.8 Gas and Vapour Trapping\u003cbr\u003e4.8.1 Adsorption Trapping\u003cbr\u003e4.8.2 Absorption Trapping\u003cbr\u003e4.9 Portable Battery Pumps\u003cbr\u003e4.9.1 Flow Rate Adjustment\u003cbr\u003e4.9.2 Setting the Flow Rate\u003cbr\u003e4.9.3 Battery Characteristics\u003cbr\u003e4.10 Sampling and Sampling Records\u003cbr\u003e4.10.1 Sampling Records\u003cbr\u003e4.10.2 Field and Media Blanks\u003cbr\u003e4.10.3 Sample Transfer and Storage \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Indirect Methods – Laboratory Analysis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e5.1 Overview of Chromatographic Techniques\u003cbr\u003e5.1.1 Principles of Chromatography\u003cbr\u003e5.1.2 Component Identification\u003cbr\u003e5.1.3 Quantification\u003cbr\u003e5.2 Gas Chromatography (GC)\u003cbr\u003e5.2.1 The Basics\u003cbr\u003e5.2.2 GC Carrier Gas\u003cbr\u003e5.2.3 Sample Introduction for GC – Liquid Samples\u003cbr\u003e5.2.4 Split Injection for Capillary GC\u003cbr\u003e5.2.5 Splitless Injection for Capillary GC\u003cbr\u003e5.2.6 Cool-on-Column Injection\u003cbr\u003e5.2.7 Sample Introduction for GC – Gaseous Samples\u003cbr\u003e5.2.8 Columns and Ovens\u003cbr\u003e5.2.9 Support Phases\u003cbr\u003e5.2.10 Stationary Phases\u003cbr\u003e5.2.11 Detectors\u003cbr\u003e5.2.12 Instrumental Conditions\u003cbr\u003e5.3 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)\u003cbr\u003e5.3.1 The Basics\u003cbr\u003e5.3.2 Gradient Elution\u003cbr\u003e5.3.3 Column Packing Material\u003cbr\u003e5.3.4 Choice of Mobile Phase\u003cbr\u003e5.3.5 Detectors\u003cbr\u003e5.3.6 Sample Introduction\u003cbr\u003e5.3.7 Instrumental Conditions\u003cbr\u003e5.4 Ion Chromatography\u003cbr\u003e5.5 Overview of Spectroscopic Techniques\u003cbr\u003e5.5.1 Mechanics of Measurement\u003cbr\u003e5.6 Flame Emission Spectroscopy (FES)\u003cbr\u003e5.7 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AA)\u003cbr\u003e5.8 Inductively-Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICP)\u003cbr\u003e5.9 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy\u003cbr\u003e5.9.1 UV Fluorescence\u003cbr\u003e5.10 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF)\u003cbr\u003e5.11 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)\u003cbr\u003e5.12 Overview of Gravimetric Analysis\u003cbr\u003e5.12.1 The Balance\u003cbr\u003e5.12.2 Analytical Sensitivity\u003cbr\u003e5.12.3 Cyclohexane Extraction \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Indirect Methods – Data Analysis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e6.1 Data Available\u003cbr\u003e6.1.1 Pumped Sampling\u003cbr\u003e6.1.2 Diffusion Sampling\u003cbr\u003e6.1.3 Laboratory Analysis\u003cbr\u003e6.2 Calculation of an Airborne Concentration\u003cbr\u003e6.2.1 Units of Concentration – mg\/m3 and ppm\u003cbr\u003e6.2.2 Use of ppm in Diffusive Sample Uptake Rates\u003cbr\u003e6.2.3 Isocyanate Concentrations\u003cbr\u003e6.3 Desorption Efficiency\u003cbr\u003e6.4 Exposure Limits\u003cbr\u003e6.4.1 UK Limits\u003cbr\u003e6.4.2 US Limits\u003cbr\u003e6.4.3 German Limits\u003cbr\u003e6.4.4 Rubber Process Dust and Rubber Fume – UK Limits\u003cbr\u003e6.4.5 N-Nitrosamines – German Limits\u003cbr\u003e6.5 Time-Weighted Average (TWA) Exposures\u003cbr\u003e6.5.1 Sampling Only During Working Periods\u003cbr\u003e6.5.2 Sampling During Both Working Periods and Breaks\u003cbr\u003e6.5.3 Assumptions\u003cbr\u003e6.6 Exposure Records\u003cbr\u003e6.7 Emission Limits\u003cbr\u003e6.7.1 UK Legislation\u003cbr\u003e6.7.2 US Legislation \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Direct Methods\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e7.1 Colorimetric Methods\u003cbr\u003e7.1.1 Detector Tubes: Short-Term Measurements\u003cbr\u003e7.1.2 Detector Tubes: Long-Term Measurements\u003cbr\u003e7.1.3 Colorimetric Filters and Badge Samplers\u003cbr\u003e7.1.4 Paper Tape Monitors\u003cbr\u003e7.2 Beam Attenuation or Deflection Devices\u003cbr\u003e7.2.1 Infrared Absorbance (IR)\u003cbr\u003e7.2.2 Ultraviolet and Visible Absorbance (UV-VIS)\u003cbr\u003e7.2.3 Beta-Ray Attenuation\u003cbr\u003e7.2.4 Light Attenuating Photometers\u003cbr\u003e7.2.5 Light Scattering\u003cbr\u003e7.3 Ionisation and Luminescent Detectors\u003cbr\u003e7.3.1 Flame Ionisation Detectors (FID)\u003cbr\u003e7.3.2Photo-Ionisation Detectors (PID)\u003cbr\u003e7.3.3 Chemiluminescent Detectors \u003cbr\u003eAbbreviations and Acronyms\u003cbr\u003eAppendix I: Units and Conversions\u003cbr\u003eAppendix II: Methods for Determination of Hazardous Substances (MDHS), UK Health and Safety Executive\u003cbr\u003eAppendix III: NIOSH and OSHA Monitoring Methods - Representative Examples\u003cbr\u003eAppendix IV: Promulgated Test Methods from the US Environmental Protection Agency - Representative Examples\u003cbr\u003eCAS Number Index\u003cbr\u003eIndex\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eAbout Author\u003c\/h5\u003e\nDr. Bryan Willoughby is a renowned polymer chemist. He has conducted the risk assessment and monitoring exercises in the UK, USA, and Continental Europe. He developed the method for rubber fume monitoring now used by the UK Health and Safety Executive. He has also published extensively on the topic of emissions from curing rubber and moulding plastic. Bryan has served on the Board of Directors of the British Institute of Occupational Hygiene and is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, a member of the Faculty of Occupational Hygiene and the IOM, and an affiliate of the Rubber Division of the American Chemical Society.","published_at":"2017-06-22T21:13:22-04:00","created_at":"2017-06-22T21:13:22-04:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2003","air monitoring","book","emissions","environment","hazardous substances","health","plastics","risk assessment","rubber","rubber formulary","safety"],"price":12600,"price_min":12600,"price_max":12600,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":43378351364,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Air Monitoring in the Rubber and Plastics Industries","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":12600,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-1-85957-374-7","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[]}],"images":["\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-374-7.jpg?v=1498187058"],"featured_image":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-374-7.jpg?v=1498187058","options":["Title"],"media":[{"alt":null,"id":350147674205,"position":1,"preview_image":{"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"width":345,"src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-374-7.jpg?v=1498187058"},"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"media_type":"image","src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-374-7.jpg?v=1498187058","width":345}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: B.G. Willoughby \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-85957-374-7 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003epages 250\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nHealth, safety, and the environment are key driving factors in the industry in the 21st Century. Monitoring of exposure to chemicals in the workplace and in emissions from factories is used to calculate exposure to possible chemical toxins including carcinogens. Other factors must also be considered in chemical monitoring, such as the actual risk of harm and possible areas of high exposure, such as when opening ovens or dealing with equipment problems, situations where a build-up of the chemical can occur in an enclosed environment. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDifferent types of monitoring equipment and ways of monitoring are available. For example, static monitoring can be carried out in one place over a period of time, or a recorder can be placed on an employee near to the breathing zone to measure individual exposure to chemicals. There are many factors which can lead to inaccurate interpretation of results from using equipment which does not distinguish between critical chemicals or which is not sufficiently sensitive, to not taking into account local factors such as employee's smoking habits. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTo measure a chemical in air, it must first be trapped in some way and the trapped sample analysed. There are different methods of trapping from simple grab sampling of air to the use of filters, absorbents, and adsorbents. The trapped sample must be analysed and a variety of methods are available. Chemicals present at low levels can still be toxic. The aim is to choose a method that is capable of measuring across the range of exposure levels of concern. Government bodies such as NIOSH and OSHA in the USA and the HSE in the UK have published approved methods for specific chemical species. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThere are many chemicals in use in the rubber and plastics industries from the monomers polymerised to form plastics and rubbers, to the additives used to enhance the polymer properties. In addition, other potentially hazardous substances are formed by reactions between these base chemicals and with air. The formation of suspected carcinogenic nitrosamine compounds by some rubber formulations is a case in point. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis book examines the types of chemicals found in the polymer industry and the potential hazards. It goes on to explain the common chemical reactions of concern to health and safety. Monitoring methods are described in some detail together with their limitations. This is essentially a practical book giving a background to the chemistry of the polymer industry and chemical monitoring methods. It will be of use to workers and managers across the industry in explaining what should be done and why. It will be of particular interest to occupational health and environmental monitoring specialists.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cb\u003e1 What to Look for – What’s There at the Start\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e1.1 Risk Assessment\u003cbr\u003e1.2 Hazards from Ingredients\u003cbr\u003e1.2.1 Accelerators and Activators\u003cbr\u003e1.2.2 Antioxidants and Antiozonants\u003cbr\u003e1.2.3 Blowing Agents\u003cbr\u003e1.2.4 Colourants\u003cbr\u003e1.2.5 Crosslinking Agents\u003cbr\u003e1.2.6 Fillers\u003cbr\u003e1.2.7 Flame Retardants\u003cbr\u003e1.2.8 Heat Stabilisers\u003cbr\u003e1.2.9 Monomers\u003cbr\u003e1.2.10 Plasticisers\u003cbr\u003e1.2.11 Retarders\u003cbr\u003e1.2.12 Solvents\u003cbr\u003e1.3 Likelihood of Exposure\u003cbr\u003e1.3.1 Dusts (Airborne Particulates)\u003cbr\u003e1.3.2 What is Dust?\u003cbr\u003e1.3.3 How Does Dust Originate?\u003cbr\u003e1.3.4 Airborne Vapours\u003cbr\u003e1.3.5 Vapour Generation from Liquids \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 What to Look for – What’s Created During Processing\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e2.1 Thermal Breakdown\u003cbr\u003e2.1.1 Thermal Degradation of Polymers\u003cbr\u003e2.1.2 Thermal Decomposition of Peroxides\u003cbr\u003e2.1.3 Thermal Decomposition of Blowing Agents\u003cbr\u003e2.1.4 Thermal Decomposition of Flame Retardants\u003cbr\u003e2.2 Thermo-Oxidative Breakdown\u003cbr\u003e2.2.1 Thermo-Oxidative Degradation of Polymers\u003cbr\u003e2.2.2 Side-Chain Oxidation of Organo-Nitrogen Compounds\u003cbr\u003e2.3 Crosslinking of Rubbers – Vulcanisation\u003cbr\u003e2.3.1 Peroxide Crosslinking\u003cbr\u003e2.3.2 Sulfur Crosslinking\u003cbr\u003e2.3.3 Amines and Delayed Action Cures\u003cbr\u003e2.3.4 Nitrosamines\u003cbr\u003e2.4 Hazards from Volatile By-Products\u003cbr\u003e2.4.1 Aldehydes\u003cbr\u003e2.4.2 Aliphatic Amines\u003cbr\u003e2.4.3 Ammonia, CAS: 7664-41-7\u003cbr\u003e2.4.4 Aniline, CAS: 626-38-0\u003cbr\u003e2.4.5 Benzene, CAS: 71-43-2\u003cbr\u003e2.4.6 Biphenyl, CAS: 92-52-4\u003cbr\u003e2.4.7 tert-Butanol (2-methylpropan-2-ol), CAS: 75-65-0\u003cbr\u003e2.4.8 Carbon Disulfide, CAS: 75-15-0\u003cbr\u003e2.4.9 Carbon Monoxide, CAS: 630-08-0\u003cbr\u003e2.4.10 Chlorobenzene, CAS: 108-90-7\u003cbr\u003e2.4.11 Hydrogen Halides\u003cbr\u003e2.4.12 Ketones\u003cbr\u003e2.4.13 a-Methylstyrene (2-phenylpropene), CAS: 98-83-9\u003cbr\u003e2.4.14 N-Nitrosamines\u003cbr\u003e2.4.15 Ozone, CAS: 10028-15-6\u003cbr\u003e2.4.16 2,2´,4,4´-Tetrachlorobiphenyl, CAS: 2437-79-8\u003cbr\u003e2.4.17 Tetramethylsuccinonitrile, CAS: 3333-52-6\u003cbr\u003e2.5 Likelihood of Exposure\u003cbr\u003e2.5.1 Catalytic Effects\u003cbr\u003e2.5.2 Residence Times \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Air Monitoring Strategies\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e3.1 Concentration Profiling and Leak Detection\u003cbr\u003e3.2 Personal Exposure Monitoring\u003cbr\u003e3.3 Compliance with Legislation\u003cbr\u003e3.4 Monitoring the Performance of Engineering Controls\u003cbr\u003e3.4.1 Capture Efficiency\u003cbr\u003e3.4.2 Transport Efficiency\u003cbr\u003e3.4.3 Static Pressure\u003cbr\u003e3.4.4 Velocity Pressure\u003cbr\u003e3.4.5 Total Air Flow – Determination of Mean Velocity within a Duct\u003cbr\u003e3.4.6 Volume Air Flow from Mean Velocity \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Indirect Methods – Trapping Species from Air\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e4.1 Types of Airborne Pollutant\u003cbr\u003e4.2 Whole Air Samples – Grab Sampling\u003cbr\u003e4.3 Total Particulates Trapping\u003cbr\u003e4.3.1 Inertia Trapping\u003cbr\u003e4.3.2 Flow Rate Considerations\u003cbr\u003e4.3.3 Filter Types\u003cbr\u003e4.3.4 Handling Fibrous Filters\u003cbr\u003e4.4 Sampling for Total Inhalable Particulates\u003cbr\u003e4.5 Sampling for Respirable Particulates\u003cbr\u003e4.6 Sampling in Ducts and Stacks – Isokinetic Sampling\u003cbr\u003e4.7 Static Samplers\u003cbr\u003e4.8 Gas and Vapour Trapping\u003cbr\u003e4.8.1 Adsorption Trapping\u003cbr\u003e4.8.2 Absorption Trapping\u003cbr\u003e4.9 Portable Battery Pumps\u003cbr\u003e4.9.1 Flow Rate Adjustment\u003cbr\u003e4.9.2 Setting the Flow Rate\u003cbr\u003e4.9.3 Battery Characteristics\u003cbr\u003e4.10 Sampling and Sampling Records\u003cbr\u003e4.10.1 Sampling Records\u003cbr\u003e4.10.2 Field and Media Blanks\u003cbr\u003e4.10.3 Sample Transfer and Storage \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Indirect Methods – Laboratory Analysis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e5.1 Overview of Chromatographic Techniques\u003cbr\u003e5.1.1 Principles of Chromatography\u003cbr\u003e5.1.2 Component Identification\u003cbr\u003e5.1.3 Quantification\u003cbr\u003e5.2 Gas Chromatography (GC)\u003cbr\u003e5.2.1 The Basics\u003cbr\u003e5.2.2 GC Carrier Gas\u003cbr\u003e5.2.3 Sample Introduction for GC – Liquid Samples\u003cbr\u003e5.2.4 Split Injection for Capillary GC\u003cbr\u003e5.2.5 Splitless Injection for Capillary GC\u003cbr\u003e5.2.6 Cool-on-Column Injection\u003cbr\u003e5.2.7 Sample Introduction for GC – Gaseous Samples\u003cbr\u003e5.2.8 Columns and Ovens\u003cbr\u003e5.2.9 Support Phases\u003cbr\u003e5.2.10 Stationary Phases\u003cbr\u003e5.2.11 Detectors\u003cbr\u003e5.2.12 Instrumental Conditions\u003cbr\u003e5.3 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)\u003cbr\u003e5.3.1 The Basics\u003cbr\u003e5.3.2 Gradient Elution\u003cbr\u003e5.3.3 Column Packing Material\u003cbr\u003e5.3.4 Choice of Mobile Phase\u003cbr\u003e5.3.5 Detectors\u003cbr\u003e5.3.6 Sample Introduction\u003cbr\u003e5.3.7 Instrumental Conditions\u003cbr\u003e5.4 Ion Chromatography\u003cbr\u003e5.5 Overview of Spectroscopic Techniques\u003cbr\u003e5.5.1 Mechanics of Measurement\u003cbr\u003e5.6 Flame Emission Spectroscopy (FES)\u003cbr\u003e5.7 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AA)\u003cbr\u003e5.8 Inductively-Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICP)\u003cbr\u003e5.9 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy\u003cbr\u003e5.9.1 UV Fluorescence\u003cbr\u003e5.10 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF)\u003cbr\u003e5.11 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)\u003cbr\u003e5.12 Overview of Gravimetric Analysis\u003cbr\u003e5.12.1 The Balance\u003cbr\u003e5.12.2 Analytical Sensitivity\u003cbr\u003e5.12.3 Cyclohexane Extraction \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Indirect Methods – Data Analysis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e6.1 Data Available\u003cbr\u003e6.1.1 Pumped Sampling\u003cbr\u003e6.1.2 Diffusion Sampling\u003cbr\u003e6.1.3 Laboratory Analysis\u003cbr\u003e6.2 Calculation of an Airborne Concentration\u003cbr\u003e6.2.1 Units of Concentration – mg\/m3 and ppm\u003cbr\u003e6.2.2 Use of ppm in Diffusive Sample Uptake Rates\u003cbr\u003e6.2.3 Isocyanate Concentrations\u003cbr\u003e6.3 Desorption Efficiency\u003cbr\u003e6.4 Exposure Limits\u003cbr\u003e6.4.1 UK Limits\u003cbr\u003e6.4.2 US Limits\u003cbr\u003e6.4.3 German Limits\u003cbr\u003e6.4.4 Rubber Process Dust and Rubber Fume – UK Limits\u003cbr\u003e6.4.5 N-Nitrosamines – German Limits\u003cbr\u003e6.5 Time-Weighted Average (TWA) Exposures\u003cbr\u003e6.5.1 Sampling Only During Working Periods\u003cbr\u003e6.5.2 Sampling During Both Working Periods and Breaks\u003cbr\u003e6.5.3 Assumptions\u003cbr\u003e6.6 Exposure Records\u003cbr\u003e6.7 Emission Limits\u003cbr\u003e6.7.1 UK Legislation\u003cbr\u003e6.7.2 US Legislation \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Direct Methods\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e7.1 Colorimetric Methods\u003cbr\u003e7.1.1 Detector Tubes: Short-Term Measurements\u003cbr\u003e7.1.2 Detector Tubes: Long-Term Measurements\u003cbr\u003e7.1.3 Colorimetric Filters and Badge Samplers\u003cbr\u003e7.1.4 Paper Tape Monitors\u003cbr\u003e7.2 Beam Attenuation or Deflection Devices\u003cbr\u003e7.2.1 Infrared Absorbance (IR)\u003cbr\u003e7.2.2 Ultraviolet and Visible Absorbance (UV-VIS)\u003cbr\u003e7.2.3 Beta-Ray Attenuation\u003cbr\u003e7.2.4 Light Attenuating Photometers\u003cbr\u003e7.2.5 Light Scattering\u003cbr\u003e7.3 Ionisation and Luminescent Detectors\u003cbr\u003e7.3.1 Flame Ionisation Detectors (FID)\u003cbr\u003e7.3.2Photo-Ionisation Detectors (PID)\u003cbr\u003e7.3.3 Chemiluminescent Detectors \u003cbr\u003eAbbreviations and Acronyms\u003cbr\u003eAppendix I: Units and Conversions\u003cbr\u003eAppendix II: Methods for Determination of Hazardous Substances (MDHS), UK Health and Safety Executive\u003cbr\u003eAppendix III: NIOSH and OSHA Monitoring Methods - Representative Examples\u003cbr\u003eAppendix IV: Promulgated Test Methods from the US Environmental Protection Agency - Representative Examples\u003cbr\u003eCAS Number Index\u003cbr\u003eIndex\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eAbout Author\u003c\/h5\u003e\nDr. Bryan Willoughby is a renowned polymer chemist. He has conducted the risk assessment and monitoring exercises in the UK, USA, and Continental Europe. He developed the method for rubber fume monitoring now used by the UK Health and Safety Executive. He has also published extensively on the topic of emissions from curing rubber and moulding plastic. Bryan has served on the Board of Directors of the British Institute of Occupational Hygiene and is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, a member of the Faculty of Occupational Hygiene and the IOM, and an affiliate of the Rubber Division of the American Chemical Society."}