PVC Compound and Processing

Author: Stuart G. Patrick
ISBN 978-1-85957-472-0

Published: 2004
pages: 176

$125.00

The PVC global market size in 2000 was around 25,400 kt. Pipes and fittings constitute the largest volume application at 36% of the marketplace with profiles at 13%. Thus, PVC is one of the most widely used plastics in the world. This overview covers the basics of PVC formulation and processing, while extending the information to include the latest developments in materials and technology. This makes the report accessible and useful to all levels of the industry.

PVC is of low thermal stability and high melt viscosity. Therefore, it is combined with a number of additives to varying properties to suit different end-use applications. PVC formulation is key to processing a success. This review looks at the different additive types available, their uses and new developments. The main groups of additives are: heat stabilisers, plasticisers, impact modifiers, process aids, lubricants, fillers, flame retardants, pigments, blowing agents, biocides, viscosity modifiers, antistatic agents, antioxidants, UV absorbers, antifogging agents and bonding agents. Formulation changes are being driven by legislation banning heavy metals and possible health risks from additives such as phthalate plasticisers.

PVC compounding methods are considered here. There are many different ways of processing PVC: extrusion, calendering, injection moulding, extrusion/stretch blow moulding, spreading/coating, rotational moulding, dip moulding and slush moulding. The technology is covered in this report. Fabrication and treatment of PVC are also reviewed, for example, surface modification to enhance biocompatibility and reduce plasticiser migration.

The PVC industry has been under intense scrutiny in recent years due to health and environmental safety concerns. The industry has responded proactively to these pressures by reviewing practice and undertaking research into ways of reducing all types of risk. Sustainability issues have also been addressed and many different recycling projects have been set up. The legislation is driving this work forward with EU Directives on such issues as disposal of end-of-life vehicles.

Over 400 references from recent literature are cited in the review, which is accompanied by abstracts from the Rapra Polymer Library database, to facilitate further reading. A subject index and a company index are included.

1 Introduction
1.1 Polyvinyl Chloride
1.2 PVC Compounds
1.3 History
2 PVC Industry
2.1 PVC Resin
2.1.1 Vinyl Chloride Manufacture
2.1.2 Homopolymers
2.2 Copolymers and Terpolymers
2.3 Chlorinated PVC (CPVC)
2.4 PVC Resin Characterisation
2.4.1 Molecular Weight
2.4.2 Particle Size
2.4.3 Bulk Powder Properties
2.5 Key Additives
2.6 Processing Techniques
2.7 Industry Outline
2.7.1 PVC Resin Producers
2.7.2 PVC Compounders
2.7.3 Global Market by Application
3 Health and Environmental Aspects of PVC
3.1 VCM and PVC Production
3.2 Plasticisers
3.2.1 Phthalates
3.2.2 Adipates
3.3 Heat Stabilisers
3.3.1 Lead Based Stabilisers
3.3.2 Organotin Stabilisers
3.3.3 Bisphenol A/Alkylphenols
3.3.4 Epoxidised Soya Bean Oil (ESBO)
3.4 Waste Management
3.4.1 Incineration
3.4.2 Landfill
3.4.3 Recycling
4 Additives, Formulations, and Applications
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Heat Stabilisers
4.2.1 Solid Stabilisers
4.3 Plasticisers
4.3.1 Phthalate Alternatives
4.3.2 Polymeric Plasticisers
4.4 Multifunctional Additives
4.5 Property Modifiers
4.5.1 Process Aids
4.5.2 Impact Modifiers
4.5.3 Heat Distortion Temperature Modification
4.5.4 Modifiers for Semi-Rigid and Plasticised Applications
4.6 Lubricants
4.7 Fillers
4.7.1 Calcium Carbonate
4.7.2 Wood Fillers/Fibres/Flour Composites
4.7.3 Glass Beads/Glass Fibre
4.7.4 Conductive and Magnetic Fillers
4.7.5 Other Fillers
4.7.6 Nanocomposites
4.8 Flame Retardants (FR) and Smoke Suppressants (SS)
4.9 Pigments
4.10 Biocides
4.11 Blowing Agents
4.12 Antioxidants and Light Stabilisers
4.13 Other Additives for PVC-P
4.13.1 Antistatic Agents
4.13.2 Viscosity Modifiers
4.13.3 Antifogging Agents
4.13.4 Bonding Agents
4.14 Formulations
4.14.1 PVC-U Compounds and Testing
4.14.2 Crosslinked PVC
4.14.3 Medical and Food Contact Use
4.14.4 Membranes
5 Compounding and Processing Technology
5.1 Compounding
5.1.1 Dry Blend Mixing
5.1.2 Melt Compounding
5.1.3 Liquid PVC Blending
5.2 Processing
5.2.1 Gelation
5.2.2 Extrusion
5.2.3 Injection Moulding
5.2.4. Extrusion Blow Moulding
5.2.5 Orientation
5.2.6 Calendering
5.2.7 Moulding Processes for Plastisols and Pastes
6 Fabrication and Treatment
6.1 Thermoforming
6.2 Surface Modification Processes
6.3 Coatings
6.4 Adhesion
7 PVC and Sustainable Development
7.1 Waste Management
7.1.1 PVC Rich Waste - Mechanical Recycling
7.1.2 PVC Feedstock Recycling
7.1.3 Incineration/Energy Recovery
8 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
Additional References
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database
Subject Index
Company Index

Stuart Patrick is a Chartered Chemist and a Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry. He is chairman of the PVC Committee of the IOM3. His career has included 23 years in the PVC Additives business of Akzo Nobel/Akcros Chemicals, where he has been involved in technical services, research, and development. From 2001 to 2003, he was the Global Research and Development Manager. Current projects include sustainability research at IPTME, Loughborough.

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{"id":11242223940,"title":"Additives for Polyolefins Getting the Most out of Polypropylene, Polyethylene and TPO","handle":"978-0-8155-2051-1","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: Michael Tolinski, Contributing Editor, Plastics Engineering magazine \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-0-8155-2051-1 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHardbound, 304 Pages\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThis book focuses on the polyolefin additives that are currently important in the plastics industry, alongside new additives of increasing interest, such as nanofillers and environmentally sustainable materials. As much as possible, each chapter emphasizes the performance of the additives in the polymer, and the value each relevant additive brings to polypropylene or polyethylene. Where possible, similar additives are compared by capability and relative cost.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWith major sections for each additive function, this book provides a highly practical guide for engineers and scientists creating and using polyolefin compounds, who will find in this book a wealth of detail and practical guidance. This unique resource will enable them to make practical decisions about the use of the various additives, fillers, and reinforcements specific to this family of materials.\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAudience: \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMolders and extruders (business managers) who want to know how additives can be used to cut costs or expand markets. Compounders who need a quick-reference guide that covers additive types outside of their range of expertise. Material-selection engineers and designers who need a sense of what properties are offered among a sometimes confusing collection of additives, filler, and reinforcements. Sales personnel who need to know the basics of the materials\/products they sell. Laboratory characterization technologists who need to understand the components of the plastics they analyze. Compounding or other technicians who want to advance their careers by gaining a better understanding of what materials they're handling. Researchers and students that need an overview of polyolefin additives that stays within the context of the end-use of these plastics. Purchasing agents who need to understand key terms behind the materials they purchase.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKey Features\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStructured to make it easy for the reader to find solutions for specific property requirements\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eContains a number of short case studies about companies that have used or developed a particular additive to achieve the desired result\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers environmental resistance, mechanical property enhancement, appearance enhancement, processing aids, and other modifications of form and function\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSECTION I: OVERVIEW OF POLYOLEFINS AND ADDITIVES\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e1 Introduction\u003cbr\u003e2 Trends in polyolefin \u0026amp; additive use\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eSECTION II: ENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e3 Antioxidants and heat stabilization\u003cbr\u003e4 Ultraviolet light protection \u0026amp; stabilization\u003cbr\u003e5 Flame-retarding additives\u003cbr\u003e6 Additives for modifying electrical properties\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eSECTION III: MECHANICAL PROPERTY ENHANCEMENT\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e7 Overview of fillers \u0026amp; fibers\u003cbr\u003e8 Factors determining selection of fillers and fibers\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eSECTION IV: APPEARANCE ENHANCEMENT\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e9 Colorants\u003cbr\u003e10 Nucleation and clarity\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eSECTION V: PROCESSING AIDS\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e11 Processing aids for molding\u003cbr\u003e12 Processing aids for extrusion\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eSECTION VI: OTHER MODIFICATIONS OF FORM AND FUNCTION\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e13 Reducing density: Polyolefin foams\u003cbr\u003e14 Coupling, compatibilizing, recycling, and biodegradability\u003cbr\u003e15 Cross-linking\u003cbr\u003e16 Sterilization \u0026amp; radiation resistance\u003cbr\u003e17 Aesthetics enhancement and surface modification\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eSECTION VII: CONCLUSION: INCORPORATING ADDITIVES\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e18 Adding Additives to resin\u003cbr\u003eReferences\u003cbr\u003eIndex\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eAbout Author\u003c\/h5\u003e\nMichael Tolinski is a freelance writer and a lecturer at the University of Michigan's College of Engineering. He is a frequent contributor to Plastics Engineering and Manufacturing Engineering.","published_at":"2017-06-22T21:13:54-04:00","created_at":"2017-06-22T21:13:54-04:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2009","additives","book","environmental resistance","mechanical property","modifications of form and function","p-chemistry","plastic","polymer","polyolefin","processing aids"],"price":16500,"price_min":16500,"price_max":16500,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":43378381508,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Additives for Polyolefins Getting the Most out of Polypropylene, Polyethylene and TPO","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":16500,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-0-8155-2051-1","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[]}],"images":["\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-0-8155-2051-1.jpg?v=1498185583"],"featured_image":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-0-8155-2051-1.jpg?v=1498185583","options":["Title"],"media":[{"alt":null,"id":350138826845,"position":1,"preview_image":{"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"width":345,"src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-0-8155-2051-1.jpg?v=1498185583"},"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"media_type":"image","src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-0-8155-2051-1.jpg?v=1498185583","width":345}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: Michael Tolinski, Contributing Editor, Plastics Engineering magazine \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-0-8155-2051-1 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHardbound, 304 Pages\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThis book focuses on the polyolefin additives that are currently important in the plastics industry, alongside new additives of increasing interest, such as nanofillers and environmentally sustainable materials. As much as possible, each chapter emphasizes the performance of the additives in the polymer, and the value each relevant additive brings to polypropylene or polyethylene. Where possible, similar additives are compared by capability and relative cost.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWith major sections for each additive function, this book provides a highly practical guide for engineers and scientists creating and using polyolefin compounds, who will find in this book a wealth of detail and practical guidance. This unique resource will enable them to make practical decisions about the use of the various additives, fillers, and reinforcements specific to this family of materials.\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAudience: \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMolders and extruders (business managers) who want to know how additives can be used to cut costs or expand markets. Compounders who need a quick-reference guide that covers additive types outside of their range of expertise. 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{"id":11242213316,"title":"Advances in Urethane Science and Technology","handle":"978-1-85957-275-7","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: Daniel Klempner and Kurt Frisch, Editors \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-85957-275-7 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eUniversity of Detroit Mercy, USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePages: 400, Figures: 214, Tables: 144\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThis book presents reports on state-of-the-art developments in the field of urethane science, written by experts in their field. This volume is extensively illustrated and referenced. \u003cbr\u003eThe reports in this book are highly technical with an emphasis on industrial applications. This book will be invaluable to researchers and anyone involved with producing or using\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n1. Dimensional Stabilizing Additives for Flexible Polyurethane Foams \u003cbr\u003e2. Surfactants in Polyurethane Foam Production with Liquid CO2 Blowing \u003cbr\u003e3. Polyurethane Processing: Recent Developments \u003cbr\u003e4. Open Cell Polyurethane-Filled Vacuum Insulated Panels \u003cbr\u003e5. Stabilizing Behavior of Silicone Surfactants During Polyurethane Processing \u003cbr\u003e6. Synthesis and Characterization of Aqueous Hybrid Polyurethane-Urea-Acrylic\/Styrene Polymer Dispersions \u003cbr\u003e7. Adhesion Behavior of Urethane \u003cbr\u003e8. HER Materials for Polyurethane Applications \u003cbr\u003e9. Polyol Molecular Weight Distribution Effects on Mechanical and Dynamic Properties of Polyurethanes\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eAbout Author\u003c\/h5\u003e\nDaniel Klempner, a Research Professor and Executive Director of the Center of Excellence in Polymer Research and Environmental Studies (CEPRES), is an internationally known expert in polyurethane chemistry and technology, as well interpenetrating polymer networks. Dr. Klempner received a B.S. in Chemistry from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (1964), M.S. from Williams College (1968), and Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry from the State University of New York at Albany (1970). Prior to joining the faculty of the University of Detroit in 1972, Dr. Klempner worked as a chemical engineer for Sprague Electric Co., from 1964 to 1968, and from 1970 to 1972 he was a Visiting Scientist in the Polymer Science and Engineering Program of the University of Massachusetts. \u003cbr\u003eToday, he conducts extensive research in the area of polymer science and engineering, especially interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs), polymer alloys, polyurethanes, structure-property relationships, high-temperature polymers, flammability of polymers, coatings, elastomers, foams, medical applications of polymers, and energy absorption of polymers. Dr. Klempner has over 150 publications, 20 books and\u003cbr\u003enumerous patents.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eKurt C. Frisch was the Director of the Polymer Institute of the University of Detroit Mercy until his untimely death in 2000. He was a world known authority on polyurethane chemistry and technology. Dr. Frisch received undergraduate and graduate training at the Universities of Vienna, Brussels, and Columbia University, and earned M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the latter institution. He worked as a research chemist at General Electric Company from 1944 to 1952 and as Assistant Manager of Research with E.F. Houghton \u0026amp; Co. from 1952 to 1956. From 1956 to 1968, Dr. Frisch was employed by Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation (now BASF), where he held positions as Manager of Polymer Research, Director of Applications Research, and Director of Polymer Research and Development. It was here that Dr. Frisch made major contributions to polymer science by developing the first low-cost polyurethane foam. After serving as an Adjunct Professor from 1965 to 1968 while still in the industry, Dr. Frisch joined the teaching staff at the University of Detroit on a full-time basis and established the Polymer Institute. \u003cbr\u003eHe has written, co-authored, or edited over 275 scientific papers and 38 books on polymer research. He also holds over 55 US patents along with several hundred foreign patents in his field.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e","published_at":"2017-06-22T21:13:18-04:00","created_at":"2017-06-22T21:13:18-04:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2001","additives","adhesion","book","dynamic properties","p-chemistry","polymer","polyurethane foams","processing","urethane"],"price":13500,"price_min":13500,"price_max":13500,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":43378348612,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Advances in Urethane Science and Technology","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":13500,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-1-85957-275-7","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[]}],"images":["\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-275-7.jpg?v=1498186924"],"featured_image":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-275-7.jpg?v=1498186924","options":["Title"],"media":[{"alt":null,"id":350147248221,"position":1,"preview_image":{"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"width":345,"src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-275-7.jpg?v=1498186924"},"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"media_type":"image","src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-275-7.jpg?v=1498186924","width":345}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: Daniel Klempner and Kurt Frisch, Editors \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-85957-275-7 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eUniversity of Detroit Mercy, USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePages: 400, Figures: 214, Tables: 144\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThis book presents reports on state-of-the-art developments in the field of urethane science, written by experts in their field. 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Prior to joining the faculty of the University of Detroit in 1972, Dr. Klempner worked as a chemical engineer for Sprague Electric Co., from 1964 to 1968, and from 1970 to 1972 he was a Visiting Scientist in the Polymer Science and Engineering Program of the University of Massachusetts. \u003cbr\u003eToday, he conducts extensive research in the area of polymer science and engineering, especially interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs), polymer alloys, polyurethanes, structure-property relationships, high-temperature polymers, flammability of polymers, coatings, elastomers, foams, medical applications of polymers, and energy absorption of polymers. Dr. Klempner has over 150 publications, 20 books and\u003cbr\u003enumerous patents.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eKurt C. Frisch was the Director of the Polymer Institute of the University of Detroit Mercy until his untimely death in 2000. He was a world known authority on polyurethane chemistry and technology. Dr. Frisch received undergraduate and graduate training at the Universities of Vienna, Brussels, and Columbia University, and earned M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the latter institution. He worked as a research chemist at General Electric Company from 1944 to 1952 and as Assistant Manager of Research with E.F. Houghton \u0026amp; Co. from 1952 to 1956. From 1956 to 1968, Dr. Frisch was employed by Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation (now BASF), where he held positions as Manager of Polymer Research, Director of Applications Research, and Director of Polymer Research and Development. It was here that Dr. Frisch made major contributions to polymer science by developing the first low-cost polyurethane foam. 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Chemistry and Technolo...

$240.00

{"id":11242205380,"title":"Chemistry and Technology of Polyols for Polyurethanes","handle":"978-1-85957-501-7","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: M. Ionescu \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-85957-501-7 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePages 585\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nPolyurethanes have become one of the most dynamic groups of polymers and they find use in nearly every aspect of modern life, in applications such as furniture, bedding, seating and instrument panels for cars, shoe soles, thermoinsulation, carpet backings, packaging, and as coatings. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis book considers the raw materials used to build the polyurethane polymeric architecture. It covers the chemistry and technology of oligo-polyol fabrication, the characteristics of the various oligo-polyol families and the effects of the oligo-polyol structure on the properties of the resulting polyurethane. It presents the details of oligo-polyol synthesis, and explains the chemical and physico-chemical subtleties of oligo-polyol fabrication. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis book attempts to link data and information concerning the chemistry and technology of oligo-polyols for polyurethanes, providing a comprehensive overview of: \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBasic polyurethane chemistry \u003cbr\u003e-Key oligo-polyol characteristics \u003cbr\u003e-Synthesis of the main oligo-polyol families, including: polyether polyols, polyester polyols, polybutadiene polyols, acrylic polyols, polysiloxane polyols, aminic polyols\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e-Polyols from renewable resources \u003cbr\u003e-Chemical recovery of polyols \u003cbr\u003e-Relationships between polyol structure and polyurethane properties \u003cbr\u003eThis book will be of interest to all specialists working with polyols for the manufacture of polyurethanes and to all researchers that would like to know more about polyol chemistry.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n1 Polyols\u003cbr\u003e1.1 Introduction\u003cbr\u003eReferences \u003cbr\u003e2 Basic Chemistry of Polyurethanes\u003cbr\u003e2.1 Reaction of Isocyanates with Alcohols\u003cbr\u003e2.2 Reaction of Isocyanates with Water\u003cbr\u003e2.3 Reaction of Isocyanates with Urethanes\u003cbr\u003e2.4 Reaction of Isocyanates with Urea Groups\u003cbr\u003e2.5 Reaction of Isocyanates with Carboxylic Acids\u003cbr\u003e2.6 Dimerisation of Isocyanates\u003cbr\u003e2.7 Trimerisation of Isocyanates\u003cbr\u003e2.8 Reaction of Isocyanates with Epoxide Compounds\u003cbr\u003e2.9 Reaction of Isocyanates with Cyclic Anhydrides\u003cbr\u003e2.10 Prepolymer Technique\u003cbr\u003e2.11 Quasiprepolymer Technique\u003cbr\u003e2.12 One Shot Technique\u003cbr\u003e2.13 Several Considerations on the Polyaddition Reaction\u003cbr\u003eReferences \u003cbr\u003e3 The General Characteristics of Oligo-Polyols\u003cbr\u003e3.1 Hydroxyl Number\u003cbr\u003e3.1.1 Hydroxyl Percentage\u003cbr\u003e3.2 Functionality\u003cbr\u003e3.3 Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution\u003cbr\u003e3.4 Equivalent Weight\u003cbr\u003e3.5 Water Content\u003cbr\u003e3.6 Primary Hydroxyl Content\u003cbr\u003e3.7 Reactivity\u003cbr\u003e3.8 Specific Gravity\u003cbr\u003e3.9 Viscosity\u003cbr\u003e3.10 Colour\u003cbr\u003e3.11 Acid Number\u003cbr\u003eReferences \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eAbout Author\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMihail Ionescu gained his first degree from the University Polytechnica Bucharest, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry, and gained his PhD from the same institution in 1986.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHe has had a varied career and is currently a Senior Research Scientist at Pittsburg State University, Kansas, USA. He was President of the Scientific Council of the Institute of Chemical Research (ICECHIM) in Bucharest, Romania from 1993-2004; the Scientific Director of ICECHIM from 1997-2004; Head of the Polymer Synthesis Department at ICECHIM from 1992-1997; Secretary of the Romanian Polymer Society from 1992; an active member of the New York Academy of Science (1996); and is a Member of American Chemical Society and American Oil Chemists Society.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMihail has completed around 200 research projects - laboratory, pilot plant and industrial scale (unpublished in the open literature, closed circuit); has devised more than 20 technologies for polyether polyols which are applied industrially - the resulting polyethers (for flexible and rigid PU foams), are exported to: Germany, Italy, Turkey, France, The Netherlands, Poland, Hungary, Serbia; has 70 patents in the field of telechelic polyether synthesis and in the field of aromatic polymers; and has authored around 85 scientific papers; he is thus well qualified to write this book.\u003c\/p\u003e","published_at":"2017-06-22T21:12:53-04:00","created_at":"2017-06-22T21:12:53-04:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2005","acid number","applications","book","chemistry of polyurethanes","color","colour","equivalent weight","functionality","hydroxyl number","hydroxyl percentage","isocyanates","molecular weight","molecular weight distribution","oligo-polyol","p-chemistry","polymer","polymeric","polymers","polyurethanes","reactivity","specific gravity","viscosity","water content"],"price":24000,"price_min":24000,"price_max":24000,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":43378319940,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Chemistry and Technology of Polyols for Polyurethanes","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":24000,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-1-85957-501-7","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[]}],"images":["\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-501-7.jpg?v=1499203489"],"featured_image":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-501-7.jpg?v=1499203489","options":["Title"],"media":[{"alt":null,"id":353927299165,"position":1,"preview_image":{"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"width":345,"src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-501-7.jpg?v=1499203489"},"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"media_type":"image","src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-501-7.jpg?v=1499203489","width":345}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: M. Ionescu \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-85957-501-7 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePages 585\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nPolyurethanes have become one of the most dynamic groups of polymers and they find use in nearly every aspect of modern life, in applications such as furniture, bedding, seating and instrument panels for cars, shoe soles, thermoinsulation, carpet backings, packaging, and as coatings. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis book considers the raw materials used to build the polyurethane polymeric architecture. It covers the chemistry and technology of oligo-polyol fabrication, the characteristics of the various oligo-polyol families and the effects of the oligo-polyol structure on the properties of the resulting polyurethane. It presents the details of oligo-polyol synthesis, and explains the chemical and physico-chemical subtleties of oligo-polyol fabrication. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis book attempts to link data and information concerning the chemistry and technology of oligo-polyols for polyurethanes, providing a comprehensive overview of: \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBasic polyurethane chemistry \u003cbr\u003e-Key oligo-polyol characteristics \u003cbr\u003e-Synthesis of the main oligo-polyol families, including: polyether polyols, polyester polyols, polybutadiene polyols, acrylic polyols, polysiloxane polyols, aminic polyols\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e-Polyols from renewable resources \u003cbr\u003e-Chemical recovery of polyols \u003cbr\u003e-Relationships between polyol structure and polyurethane properties \u003cbr\u003eThis book will be of interest to all specialists working with polyols for the manufacture of polyurethanes and to all researchers that would like to know more about polyol chemistry.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n1 Polyols\u003cbr\u003e1.1 Introduction\u003cbr\u003eReferences \u003cbr\u003e2 Basic Chemistry of Polyurethanes\u003cbr\u003e2.1 Reaction of Isocyanates with Alcohols\u003cbr\u003e2.2 Reaction of Isocyanates with Water\u003cbr\u003e2.3 Reaction of Isocyanates with Urethanes\u003cbr\u003e2.4 Reaction of Isocyanates with Urea Groups\u003cbr\u003e2.5 Reaction of Isocyanates with Carboxylic Acids\u003cbr\u003e2.6 Dimerisation of Isocyanates\u003cbr\u003e2.7 Trimerisation of Isocyanates\u003cbr\u003e2.8 Reaction of Isocyanates with Epoxide Compounds\u003cbr\u003e2.9 Reaction of Isocyanates with Cyclic Anhydrides\u003cbr\u003e2.10 Prepolymer Technique\u003cbr\u003e2.11 Quasiprepolymer Technique\u003cbr\u003e2.12 One Shot Technique\u003cbr\u003e2.13 Several Considerations on the Polyaddition Reaction\u003cbr\u003eReferences \u003cbr\u003e3 The General Characteristics of Oligo-Polyols\u003cbr\u003e3.1 Hydroxyl Number\u003cbr\u003e3.1.1 Hydroxyl Percentage\u003cbr\u003e3.2 Functionality\u003cbr\u003e3.3 Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution\u003cbr\u003e3.4 Equivalent Weight\u003cbr\u003e3.5 Water Content\u003cbr\u003e3.6 Primary Hydroxyl Content\u003cbr\u003e3.7 Reactivity\u003cbr\u003e3.8 Specific Gravity\u003cbr\u003e3.9 Viscosity\u003cbr\u003e3.10 Colour\u003cbr\u003e3.11 Acid Number\u003cbr\u003eReferences \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eAbout Author\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMihail Ionescu gained his first degree from the University Polytechnica Bucharest, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry, and gained his PhD from the same institution in 1986.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHe has had a varied career and is currently a Senior Research Scientist at Pittsburg State University, Kansas, USA. He was President of the Scientific Council of the Institute of Chemical Research (ICECHIM) in Bucharest, Romania from 1993-2004; the Scientific Director of ICECHIM from 1997-2004; Head of the Polymer Synthesis Department at ICECHIM from 1992-1997; Secretary of the Romanian Polymer Society from 1992; an active member of the New York Academy of Science (1996); and is a Member of American Chemical Society and American Oil Chemists Society.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMihail has completed around 200 research projects - laboratory, pilot plant and industrial scale (unpublished in the open literature, closed circuit); has devised more than 20 technologies for polyether polyols which are applied industrially - the resulting polyethers (for flexible and rigid PU foams), are exported to: Germany, Italy, Turkey, France, The Netherlands, Poland, Hungary, Serbia; has 70 patents in the field of telechelic polyether synthesis and in the field of aromatic polymers; and has authored around 85 scientific papers; he is thus well qualified to write this book.\u003c\/p\u003e"}