Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers
Biodegradable polymers are niche market materials finding focused applications, including agricultural applications such as mulch films, flowerpots and controlled-release fertilisers and packaging items such as carrier bags and food wrapping and containers. They have the potential to provide a solution to a range of environmental concerns: decreasing availability of landfill space, declining petrochemical sources, and also offer an alternative option to recycling. Rapra's Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers is a complete guide to the subject of biodegradable polymers and is ideal for those new to the subject or those wanting to supplement their existing knowledge. The book covers the mechanisms of degradation in various environments, by both biological and non-biological means, and the methods for measuring biodegradation. The degree and rate of biodegradation is dependent on the chemical composition of the polymer and its working environment, and so there is no single optimal method for determining biodegradation. This handbook provides discussion of international and national standards and certification procedures developed to ensure accurate communication of a material's biodegradability between producers, authorities and consumers. The book goes on to consider the characteristics, processability and application areas for biodegradable polymers, with key polymer family groups discussed.
1 Biodegradability of Polymers – Mechanisms and Evaluation Methods
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background
1.3 Defining Biodegradability
1.4 Mechanisms of Polymer Degradation
1.4.1 Non-biological Degradation of Polymers
1.4.2 Biological Degradation of Polymers
1.5 Measuring Biodegradation of Polymers
1.5.1 Enzyme Assays
1.5.2 Plate Tests
1.5.3 Respiration Tests
1.5.4 Gas (CO2 or CH4) Evolution Tests
1.5.5 Radioactively Labelled Polymers
1.5.6 Laboratory-scale Simulated Accelerating Environments
1.5.7 Natural Environments – Field Trials
1.6 Factors Affecting Biodegradability
1.7 Conclusions
2 Biodegradation Behaviour of Polymers in Liquid Environments
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Degradation in Real Liquid Environments
2.2.1 Degradation in Sweet Water and Marine Environment
2.3 Degradation in Laboratory Tests Simulating Real Aquatic Environments
2.3.1 Aerobic Liquid Environments
2.3.2 Anaerobic Liquid Environments
2.4 Degradation in Laboratory Tests with Optimised and Defined Liquid Media
2.5 Standard Tests for Biodegradable Polymers Using Liquid Media
2.6 Summary
3 Biodegradation Behaviour of Polymers in the Soil
3.1 I Introduction
3.1.1 Biodegradable Polymers and the Environment
3.1.2 Biodegradable Polymers and Soil
3.2 How Polymers Reach Soil
3.2.1 Intentional Delivery
3.2.2 Unintentional Delivery: Littering
3.3 The Soil Environment
3.3.1 Surface Factors
3.3.2 Underground Factors
3.4 Degradability of Polymers in Soil
3.4.1 The Standardisation Approach
3.4.2 T Test Methods and Criteria
3.5 Effects of Biodegradable Polymers on Soil Living Organisms
3.5.1 Performing the Assessment: Transient and Permanent Effects
3.5.2 Test Material Concentration
3.5.3 Preparation of the Soil Sample Ready for Ecotoxicity Testing
3.5.4 Test Methods
3.6 Biodegradability of Materials in Soil: A Survey of the Literature
4 Ecotoxicological Aspects in the Biodegradation Process of Polymers
4.1 The Need of Ecotoxicity Analysis for Biodegradable Materials
4.1.1 Standards and Regulations for Testing of Biodegradable Polymers
4.1.2 Detection of the Influences on an Ecosystem Caused by the Biodegradation of Polymers
4.1.3 Potential Influences of Polymers After Composting
4.1.4 Potential Influences of Polymers During and After Biodegradation in Soil and Sediment
4.2 A Short Introduction to Ecotoxicology
4.2.1 Theory of Dose-Response Relationships
4.2.2 Test Design in Ecotoxicology
4.2.3 Toxicity Tests and Bioassays
4.2.4 Ecotoxicity Profile Analysis
4.3 Recommendations and Standard Procedures for Biotests
4.3.1 Bioassays with Higher Plants
4.3.2 Bioassays with Earthworms (Eisenia foetida)
4.3 Preparation of Elutriates for Aquatic Ecotoxicity Tests
4.3.4 Bioassays with Algae
4.3.5 Bioassays with Luminescent Bacteria
4.3.6 Bioassays with Daphnia
4.3.7 Evaluation of Bioassay Results Obtained from Samples of Complex Composition
4.3.8 Testing of Sediments
4.4 Special Prerequisites to be Considered when Applying Bioassays for Biodegradable Polymers
4.4.1 Nutrients in the Sample
4.4.2 Biodegradation Intermediates
4.4.3 Diversity of the Microorganism Population
4.4.4 Humic Substances
4.4.5 Evaluation of Test Results and Limits of Bioassays
4.5 Research Results for Ecotoxicity Testing of Biodegradable Polymers
4.5.1 The Relationship Between Chemical Structure, Biodegradation Pathways and Formation of Potentially Ecotoxic Metabolites
4.5.2 Ecotoxicity of the Polymers
4.5.3 Ecotoxic Effects Appearing After Degradation in Compost or After Anaerobic Digestion
4.5.4 Ecotoxic Effects Appearing During Degradation in Soil
4.6 Conclusion
4.6.1 Consequences for Test Schemes for Investigations on Biodegradable Polymers
4.6.2 Conclusion
5 International and National Norms on Biodegradability and Certification Procedures
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Organisations for Standardisation
5.3 Norms
5.3.1 Aquatic, Aerobic Biodegradation Tests
5.3.2 Compost Biodegradation Tests
5.3.3 Compostability Norms
5.3.4 Compost Disintegration Tests
5.3.5 Soil Biodegradation Tests
5.3.6 Aquatic, Anaerobic Biodegradation Tests
5.3.7 High-Solids, Anaerobic Biodegradation Tests
5.3.8 Marine Biodegradation Tests
5.3.9 Other Biodegradation Tests
5.4 Certification
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Different Certification Systems
6 General Characteristics, Processability, Industrial Applications and Market Evolution of Biodegradable Polymers
6.1 General Characteristics
6.1.1 Polymer Biodegradation Mechanisms
6.1.2 Polymer Molecular Size, Structure and Chemical Composition
6.1.3 Biodegradable Polymer Classes
6.1.4 Naturally Biodegradable Polymers
6.1.5 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers
6.1.6 Modified Naturally Biodegradable Polymers
6.2 Processability
6.2.1 Extrusion
6.2.2 Film Blowing and Casting
6.2.3 Moulding
6.2.4 Fibre Spinning
6.3 Industrial Applications
6.3.1 Loose-Fill Packaging
6.3.2 Compost Bags
6.3.3 Other Applications
6.4 Market Evolution
7 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Various Types of PHA
7.2.1 Poly[R-3-hydroxybutyrate] (P[3HB])
7.2.2 Poly[3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate] (P[3HB-co-3HV])
7.2.3 Poly[3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate] (P[3HB-co-4HB])
7.2.4 Other PHA Copolymers with Interesting Physical Properties
7.2.5 Uncommon PHA Constituents
7.3 Mechanisms of PHA Biosynthesis
7.3.1 Conditions that Promote the Biosynthesis and Accumulation of PHA in Microorganisms
7.3.2 Carbon Sources for the Production of PHA
7.3.3 Biochemical Pathways Involved in the Metabolism of PHA
7.3.4 The Key Enzyme of PHA Biosynthesis, PHA Synthase
7.4 Genetically Modified Systems and Other Methods for the Production of PHA
7.4.1 Recombinant Escherichia coli
7.4.2 Transgenic Plants
7.4.3 In vitro Production of PHA
7.5 Biodegradation of PHA
7.6 Applications of PHA
7.7 Conclusions and Outlook
8 Starch-Based Technology
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Starch Polymer
8.3 Starch-filled Plastics
8.4 Thermoplastic Starch
8.5 Starch-Based Materials on the Market
8.6 Conclusions
9 Poly(Lactic Acid) and Copolyesters
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Synthesis
9.2.1 Homopolymers
9.2.2 Copolymers
9.2.3 Functionalised Polymers
9.3 Structure, Properties, Degradation, and Applications
9.3.1 Physical Properties
9.3.2 Chemical Properties
9.3.3 Applications
9.4 Conclusions
10 Aliphatic-Aromatic Polyesters
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Development of Biodegradable Aliphatic-Aromatic Copolyesters
10.3 Degradability and Degradation Mechanism
10.3.1 General Mechanism/Definition
10.3.2 Degradation of Pure Aromatic Polyesters
10.3.3 Degradation of Aliphatic-Aromatic Copolyesters
10.4 Commercial Products and Characteristic Material Data
10.4.1 Ecoflex
10.4.2 Eastar Bio
10.4.3 Biomax
10.4.4 EnPol
10.4.5 Characteristic Material Data
11 Material Formed from Proteins
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Structure of Material Proteins
11.3 Protein-Based Materials
11.4 Formation of Protein-Based Materials
11.4.1 ‘Solvent Process’
11.4.2 ‘Thermoplastic Process’
11.5 Properties of Protein-Based Materials
11.6 Applications
12 Enzyme Catalysis in the Synthesis of Biodegradable Polymers
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Polyester Synthesis
12.2.1 Polycondensation of Hydroxyacids and Esters
12.2.2 Polymerisation of Dicarboxylic Acids or Their Activated Derivatives with Glycols
12.2.3 Ring Opening Polymerisation of Carbonates and Other Cyclic Monomers
12.2.4 Ring Opening Polymerisation and Copolymerisation of Lactones
12.3 Oxidative Polymerisation of Phenol and Derivatives of Phenol
12.4 Enzymatic Polymerisation of Polysaccharides
12.5 Conclusions
13 Environmental Life Cycle Comparisons of Biodegradable Plastics
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Methodology of LCA
13.3 Presentation of Comparative Data
13.3.1 Starch Polymers
13.3.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
13.3.3 Polylactides (PLA)
13.3.4 Other Biodegradable Polymers
13.4 Summarising Comparison
13.5 Discussion
13.6 Conclusions
Appendix 13.1 Overview of environmental life cycle comparisons or biodegradable polymers included in this review
Appendix 13.2 Checklist for the preparation of an LCA for biodegradable plastics
Appendix 13.3 List of abbreviations
14 Biodegradable Polymers and the Optimisation of Models for Source Separation and Composting of Municipal Solid Waste
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 The Development of Composting and Schemes for Source Separation of Biowaste in Europe: A Matter of Quality
14.2 The Driving Forces for Composting in the EU
14.2.1 The Directive on the Landfill of Waste
14.2.2 The Proposed Directive on Biological Treatment of Biodegradable Waste
14.3 Source Separation of Organic Waste in Mediterranean Countries: An Overview
14.5 ‘Biowaste’, ‘VGF’ and ‘Food Waste’: Relevance of a Definition on Performances of the Waste Management System
14.6 The Importance of Biobags
14.6.1 Features of ‘Biobags’: The Importance of Biodegradability and its Cost-Efficiency
14.7 Cost Assessment of Optimised Schemes
14.7.1 Tools to Optimise the Schemes and their Suitability in Different Situations
14.8 Conclusions
Abbreviations
Contributors
Index
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background
1.3 Defining Biodegradability
1.4 Mechanisms of Polymer Degradation
1.4.1 Non-biological Degradation of Polymers
1.4.2 Biological Degradation of Polymers
1.5 Measuring Biodegradation of Polymers
1.5.1 Enzyme Assays
1.5.2 Plate Tests
1.5.3 Respiration Tests
1.5.4 Gas (CO2 or CH4) Evolution Tests
1.5.5 Radioactively Labelled Polymers
1.5.6 Laboratory-scale Simulated Accelerating Environments
1.5.7 Natural Environments – Field Trials
1.6 Factors Affecting Biodegradability
1.7 Conclusions
2 Biodegradation Behaviour of Polymers in Liquid Environments
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Degradation in Real Liquid Environments
2.2.1 Degradation in Sweet Water and Marine Environment
2.3 Degradation in Laboratory Tests Simulating Real Aquatic Environments
2.3.1 Aerobic Liquid Environments
2.3.2 Anaerobic Liquid Environments
2.4 Degradation in Laboratory Tests with Optimised and Defined Liquid Media
2.5 Standard Tests for Biodegradable Polymers Using Liquid Media
2.6 Summary
3 Biodegradation Behaviour of Polymers in the Soil
3.1 I Introduction
3.1.1 Biodegradable Polymers and the Environment
3.1.2 Biodegradable Polymers and Soil
3.2 How Polymers Reach Soil
3.2.1 Intentional Delivery
3.2.2 Unintentional Delivery: Littering
3.3 The Soil Environment
3.3.1 Surface Factors
3.3.2 Underground Factors
3.4 Degradability of Polymers in Soil
3.4.1 The Standardisation Approach
3.4.2 T Test Methods and Criteria
3.5 Effects of Biodegradable Polymers on Soil Living Organisms
3.5.1 Performing the Assessment: Transient and Permanent Effects
3.5.2 Test Material Concentration
3.5.3 Preparation of the Soil Sample Ready for Ecotoxicity Testing
3.5.4 Test Methods
3.6 Biodegradability of Materials in Soil: A Survey of the Literature
4 Ecotoxicological Aspects in the Biodegradation Process of Polymers
4.1 The Need of Ecotoxicity Analysis for Biodegradable Materials
4.1.1 Standards and Regulations for Testing of Biodegradable Polymers
4.1.2 Detection of the Influences on an Ecosystem Caused by the Biodegradation of Polymers
4.1.3 Potential Influences of Polymers After Composting
4.1.4 Potential Influences of Polymers During and After Biodegradation in Soil and Sediment
4.2 A Short Introduction to Ecotoxicology
4.2.1 Theory of Dose-Response Relationships
4.2.2 Test Design in Ecotoxicology
4.2.3 Toxicity Tests and Bioassays
4.2.4 Ecotoxicity Profile Analysis
4.3 Recommendations and Standard Procedures for Biotests
4.3.1 Bioassays with Higher Plants
4.3.2 Bioassays with Earthworms (Eisenia foetida)
4.3 Preparation of Elutriates for Aquatic Ecotoxicity Tests
4.3.4 Bioassays with Algae
4.3.5 Bioassays with Luminescent Bacteria
4.3.6 Bioassays with Daphnia
4.3.7 Evaluation of Bioassay Results Obtained from Samples of Complex Composition
4.3.8 Testing of Sediments
4.4 Special Prerequisites to be Considered when Applying Bioassays for Biodegradable Polymers
4.4.1 Nutrients in the Sample
4.4.2 Biodegradation Intermediates
4.4.3 Diversity of the Microorganism Population
4.4.4 Humic Substances
4.4.5 Evaluation of Test Results and Limits of Bioassays
4.5 Research Results for Ecotoxicity Testing of Biodegradable Polymers
4.5.1 The Relationship Between Chemical Structure, Biodegradation Pathways and Formation of Potentially Ecotoxic Metabolites
4.5.2 Ecotoxicity of the Polymers
4.5.3 Ecotoxic Effects Appearing After Degradation in Compost or After Anaerobic Digestion
4.5.4 Ecotoxic Effects Appearing During Degradation in Soil
4.6 Conclusion
4.6.1 Consequences for Test Schemes for Investigations on Biodegradable Polymers
4.6.2 Conclusion
5 International and National Norms on Biodegradability and Certification Procedures
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Organisations for Standardisation
5.3 Norms
5.3.1 Aquatic, Aerobic Biodegradation Tests
5.3.2 Compost Biodegradation Tests
5.3.3 Compostability Norms
5.3.4 Compost Disintegration Tests
5.3.5 Soil Biodegradation Tests
5.3.6 Aquatic, Anaerobic Biodegradation Tests
5.3.7 High-Solids, Anaerobic Biodegradation Tests
5.3.8 Marine Biodegradation Tests
5.3.9 Other Biodegradation Tests
5.4 Certification
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Different Certification Systems
6 General Characteristics, Processability, Industrial Applications and Market Evolution of Biodegradable Polymers
6.1 General Characteristics
6.1.1 Polymer Biodegradation Mechanisms
6.1.2 Polymer Molecular Size, Structure and Chemical Composition
6.1.3 Biodegradable Polymer Classes
6.1.4 Naturally Biodegradable Polymers
6.1.5 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers
6.1.6 Modified Naturally Biodegradable Polymers
6.2 Processability
6.2.1 Extrusion
6.2.2 Film Blowing and Casting
6.2.3 Moulding
6.2.4 Fibre Spinning
6.3 Industrial Applications
6.3.1 Loose-Fill Packaging
6.3.2 Compost Bags
6.3.3 Other Applications
6.4 Market Evolution
7 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Various Types of PHA
7.2.1 Poly[R-3-hydroxybutyrate] (P[3HB])
7.2.2 Poly[3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate] (P[3HB-co-3HV])
7.2.3 Poly[3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate] (P[3HB-co-4HB])
7.2.4 Other PHA Copolymers with Interesting Physical Properties
7.2.5 Uncommon PHA Constituents
7.3 Mechanisms of PHA Biosynthesis
7.3.1 Conditions that Promote the Biosynthesis and Accumulation of PHA in Microorganisms
7.3.2 Carbon Sources for the Production of PHA
7.3.3 Biochemical Pathways Involved in the Metabolism of PHA
7.3.4 The Key Enzyme of PHA Biosynthesis, PHA Synthase
7.4 Genetically Modified Systems and Other Methods for the Production of PHA
7.4.1 Recombinant Escherichia coli
7.4.2 Transgenic Plants
7.4.3 In vitro Production of PHA
7.5 Biodegradation of PHA
7.6 Applications of PHA
7.7 Conclusions and Outlook
8 Starch-Based Technology
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Starch Polymer
8.3 Starch-filled Plastics
8.4 Thermoplastic Starch
8.5 Starch-Based Materials on the Market
8.6 Conclusions
9 Poly(Lactic Acid) and Copolyesters
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Synthesis
9.2.1 Homopolymers
9.2.2 Copolymers
9.2.3 Functionalised Polymers
9.3 Structure, Properties, Degradation, and Applications
9.3.1 Physical Properties
9.3.2 Chemical Properties
9.3.3 Applications
9.4 Conclusions
10 Aliphatic-Aromatic Polyesters
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Development of Biodegradable Aliphatic-Aromatic Copolyesters
10.3 Degradability and Degradation Mechanism
10.3.1 General Mechanism/Definition
10.3.2 Degradation of Pure Aromatic Polyesters
10.3.3 Degradation of Aliphatic-Aromatic Copolyesters
10.4 Commercial Products and Characteristic Material Data
10.4.1 Ecoflex
10.4.2 Eastar Bio
10.4.3 Biomax
10.4.4 EnPol
10.4.5 Characteristic Material Data
11 Material Formed from Proteins
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Structure of Material Proteins
11.3 Protein-Based Materials
11.4 Formation of Protein-Based Materials
11.4.1 ‘Solvent Process’
11.4.2 ‘Thermoplastic Process’
11.5 Properties of Protein-Based Materials
11.6 Applications
12 Enzyme Catalysis in the Synthesis of Biodegradable Polymers
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Polyester Synthesis
12.2.1 Polycondensation of Hydroxyacids and Esters
12.2.2 Polymerisation of Dicarboxylic Acids or Their Activated Derivatives with Glycols
12.2.3 Ring Opening Polymerisation of Carbonates and Other Cyclic Monomers
12.2.4 Ring Opening Polymerisation and Copolymerisation of Lactones
12.3 Oxidative Polymerisation of Phenol and Derivatives of Phenol
12.4 Enzymatic Polymerisation of Polysaccharides
12.5 Conclusions
13 Environmental Life Cycle Comparisons of Biodegradable Plastics
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Methodology of LCA
13.3 Presentation of Comparative Data
13.3.1 Starch Polymers
13.3.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
13.3.3 Polylactides (PLA)
13.3.4 Other Biodegradable Polymers
13.4 Summarising Comparison
13.5 Discussion
13.6 Conclusions
Appendix 13.1 Overview of environmental life cycle comparisons or biodegradable polymers included in this review
Appendix 13.2 Checklist for the preparation of an LCA for biodegradable plastics
Appendix 13.3 List of abbreviations
14 Biodegradable Polymers and the Optimisation of Models for Source Separation and Composting of Municipal Solid Waste
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 The Development of Composting and Schemes for Source Separation of Biowaste in Europe: A Matter of Quality
14.2 The Driving Forces for Composting in the EU
14.2.1 The Directive on the Landfill of Waste
14.2.2 The Proposed Directive on Biological Treatment of Biodegradable Waste
14.3 Source Separation of Organic Waste in Mediterranean Countries: An Overview
14.5 ‘Biowaste’, ‘VGF’ and ‘Food Waste’: Relevance of a Definition on Performances of the Waste Management System
14.6 The Importance of Biobags
14.6.1 Features of ‘Biobags’: The Importance of Biodegradability and its Cost-Efficiency
14.7 Cost Assessment of Optimised Schemes
14.7.1 Tools to Optimise the Schemes and their Suitability in Different Situations
14.8 Conclusions
Abbreviations
Contributors
Index
Catia Bastioli is the Managing Director and Research Manager of Novamont, a leading innovation company in the sector of bioplastics. She is the author of more than 90 papers on various scientific and industrial subjects published in International Journals, Proceedings of International Conferences and books. She has filed more than 50 patents and patent applications in the sectors of synthetic and natural polymers. The patents in the sector of starch-based materials are a significant part of the Novamont patent portfolio.
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{"id":8822318268573,"title":"Databook of Antioxidants, 2nd Ed","handle":"databook-of-antioxidants-2nd-ed","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor: Anna \u0026amp; George Wypych\u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-927885-53-6 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublication date: \u003c\/span\u003e January 2025\u003cbr\u003eFirst Edition\u003cbr\u003eNumber of pages: 572+xii\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eIn general terms, antioxidants are expected to protect the \u003ci\u003estatus quo\u003c\/i\u003e by preventing oxidation. Oxidation is a chain reaction involving free radicals and hydroperoxide intermediates. Antioxidants act by reacting and decomposing free radicals and hydroperoxide intermediate species.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eIn polymeric materials, the oxidative changes may lead to several undesirable effects, including discoloration, changes in melt viscosity, and deterioration of mechanical properties, impacting the useful life of a polymer or a final article. Plastics are susceptible to oxidative degradation during high-temperature melt processing operations, their end-use, and during long-term storage. Also, the oxidation processes are accelerated by exposure to UV radiation of sunlight.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eAntioxidants are likely to form the most crucial protective barrier for cells of living organisms against the effects of free radicals. If these processes are not adequately controlled, they lead to outcomes dangerous to well-being because the cancerous cells multiply at accelerating rates.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eRadical formation on ultraviolet light exposure leads to changes in human skin such as the formation of dark spots, lesions, and frequent skin cancer if preventive measures, such as UV radiation filtration and the use of antioxidants\u003cspan class=\"s1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003edo not stop radical processes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eIn similar reactions to oxidation, food and pharmaceutical products deteriorate faster, which can be prevented by small additions of antioxidants. Food products lose their nutritional value and may drastically change color and flavor. Pharmaceutical products become inactive and potentially toxic.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eIn summary, antioxidants form the most important group of compounds aiming at retardation of deterioration of organic materials and keeping living cells in their original conditions, which is the most common means to a healthy life.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eAntioxidants are typically divided into primary and secondary antioxidants. Primary antioxidants, such as hindered phenols, function mainly by scavenging the peroxy radical intermediates formed in the oxidation processes. They are effective over a wide temperature range, improving materials' processing and long-term thermal stability.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eSecondary antioxidants, such as phosphites and thioethers, function by the decomposition of hydroperoxides. Phosphites are most effective at the high temperatures of melt processing operations, while thioethers operate best in the solid phase at long-term use temperatures.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eIn modern applications, synthetic antioxidants are slowly being replaced by products obtained from renewable resources, mostly of plant origin. This conversion in cosmetics, medicine, pharmacy, food additives, and food protection is very advanced. In polymer processing, applying of natural antioxidants is still in the development stage.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eConsidering the importance of antioxidants in medicine, cosmetics, pharmacy, and food processing, this book provides a selection of both important synthetic and natural products, stressing the commercially viable additives and most recent interest in the application and use of natural products.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eThe antioxidants included in this book belong to many groups of chemical products including acids and their esters, amines, anthocyanidines, ascorbates, benzofuranones, benzoimidazoles, benzoquinones, biopolyphenols, carotenoids, coumarines, enzymes, flavonoids, hydrazide metal deactivators, hydroquinidines, hydroquinones, hydroxylamines, isoflavones, lignanamides, liposomes, peptides, phenolics, phosphites, phospholipides, polyphenols, polysaccharides, sterically hindered phenolics, sulfur-containing compounds, tannin derivatives, terpenoids, thioethers, tocopherols, and quinolines. This shows a wide variety of options and applications, which are emphasized in this book.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eThe data for each antioxidant are presented in a separate table. The information in the table is divided into five sections: General, Physical properties, Health \u0026amp; safety, Ecological, and Use. The contents of these five sections are given below.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eGeneral\u003c\/b\u003e section contains the following fields: product name, CAS #, EC number, acronym, chemical name, chemical synonym, chemical formula, molecular weight, chemical class, moisture contents, bio-origin, mixture, product contents, other properties, concentration of arsenic, heavy metals, molybdenum, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and zinc, and RTECS #.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhysical\u003c\/b\u003e section contains the following fields: acid #, ash, acid dissociation constant, base dissociation constant, boiling point, bulk density, color (description, Hazen scale), density, freezing\/melting point, kinematic viscosity, maximum UV absorbance, odor, particle size, pH, refractive index, solubility in solvents, specific gravity, state, specific optical rotation, thermogravimetric analysis, total plate count, transmittance, vapor density, vapor pressure, viscosity, volatility, and yeast \u0026amp; molds.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHealth \u0026amp; safety\u003c\/b\u003e section contains the following fields: ADR\/RID class, autoignition temperature, HMIS (fire, health, reactivity), carcinogenicity, chronic effects, DOT class, explosive LEL \u0026amp; UEL, eye irritation, flash point and method, first aid (eye, skin, inhalation), ICAO\/IATA class, IMDG class, ingestion, inhalation (rat LC50), LD50 (dermal rat and rabbit, and oral rat), mutagenicity, NFPA (flammability, health, reactivity), proper shipping name, reproduction\/developmental toxicity, route of entry, skin irritation, target organs, teratogenicity, TLV (ACGIH, NIOSH, OSHA), UN packaging group, UN risk and safety phrases, and UN\/NA class.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eEcological\u003c\/b\u003e section contains the following fields: aquatic toxicity algae, LC50 (\u003ci\u003eBluegill sunfish, Daphnia magna, Fathead minnow, Rainbow trout, Zebra fish\u003c\/i\u003e), bioaccumulative and toxic assessment, bioconcentration factor, biodegradation probability, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, hydroxyl rate constant, and partition coefficient.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eUse\u003c\/b\u003e section contains the following fields: manufacturer, outstanding properties, potential substitute, recommended for products, recommended for resins, processing methods, concentrations used, guidelines for use, E-number, food approval, and costabilizers enhancing light stability.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eWe use the same set of units to achieve the compatibility of data. At the same time, data can only be made available if the manufacturing companies provide them.\u003c\/p\u003e","published_at":"2026-01-19T19:34:05-05:00","created_at":"2026-01-19T19:30:28-05:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2025","antioxidant","book","plastics"],"price":35000,"price_min":35000,"price_max":35000,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":47579360526493,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":null,"requires_shipping":true,"taxable":false,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Databook of Antioxidants, 2nd Ed","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":35000,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":0,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-1-77467-052-1","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[],"quantity_rule":{"min":1,"max":null,"increment":1}}],"images":["\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/files\/978-1-77467-052-1.png?v=1768869227"],"featured_image":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/files\/978-1-77467-052-1.png?v=1768869227","options":["Title"],"media":[{"alt":null,"id":32634527121565,"position":1,"preview_image":{"aspect_ratio":0.62,"height":450,"width":279,"src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/files\/978-1-77467-052-1.png?v=1768869227"},"aspect_ratio":0.62,"height":450,"media_type":"image","src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/files\/978-1-77467-052-1.png?v=1768869227","width":279}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor: Anna \u0026amp; George Wypych\u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-927885-53-6 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublication date: \u003c\/span\u003e January 2025\u003cbr\u003eFirst Edition\u003cbr\u003eNumber of pages: 572+xii\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eIn general terms, antioxidants are expected to protect the \u003ci\u003estatus quo\u003c\/i\u003e by preventing oxidation. Oxidation is a chain reaction involving free radicals and hydroperoxide intermediates. Antioxidants act by reacting and decomposing free radicals and hydroperoxide intermediate species.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eIn polymeric materials, the oxidative changes may lead to several undesirable effects, including discoloration, changes in melt viscosity, and deterioration of mechanical properties, impacting the useful life of a polymer or a final article. Plastics are susceptible to oxidative degradation during high-temperature melt processing operations, their end-use, and during long-term storage. Also, the oxidation processes are accelerated by exposure to UV radiation of sunlight.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eAntioxidants are likely to form the most crucial protective barrier for cells of living organisms against the effects of free radicals. If these processes are not adequately controlled, they lead to outcomes dangerous to well-being because the cancerous cells multiply at accelerating rates.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eRadical formation on ultraviolet light exposure leads to changes in human skin such as the formation of dark spots, lesions, and frequent skin cancer if preventive measures, such as UV radiation filtration and the use of antioxidants\u003cspan class=\"s1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003edo not stop radical processes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eIn similar reactions to oxidation, food and pharmaceutical products deteriorate faster, which can be prevented by small additions of antioxidants. Food products lose their nutritional value and may drastically change color and flavor. Pharmaceutical products become inactive and potentially toxic.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eIn summary, antioxidants form the most important group of compounds aiming at retardation of deterioration of organic materials and keeping living cells in their original conditions, which is the most common means to a healthy life.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eAntioxidants are typically divided into primary and secondary antioxidants. Primary antioxidants, such as hindered phenols, function mainly by scavenging the peroxy radical intermediates formed in the oxidation processes. They are effective over a wide temperature range, improving materials' processing and long-term thermal stability.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eSecondary antioxidants, such as phosphites and thioethers, function by the decomposition of hydroperoxides. Phosphites are most effective at the high temperatures of melt processing operations, while thioethers operate best in the solid phase at long-term use temperatures.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eIn modern applications, synthetic antioxidants are slowly being replaced by products obtained from renewable resources, mostly of plant origin. This conversion in cosmetics, medicine, pharmacy, food additives, and food protection is very advanced. In polymer processing, applying of natural antioxidants is still in the development stage.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eConsidering the importance of antioxidants in medicine, cosmetics, pharmacy, and food processing, this book provides a selection of both important synthetic and natural products, stressing the commercially viable additives and most recent interest in the application and use of natural products.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eThe antioxidants included in this book belong to many groups of chemical products including acids and their esters, amines, anthocyanidines, ascorbates, benzofuranones, benzoimidazoles, benzoquinones, biopolyphenols, carotenoids, coumarines, enzymes, flavonoids, hydrazide metal deactivators, hydroquinidines, hydroquinones, hydroxylamines, isoflavones, lignanamides, liposomes, peptides, phenolics, phosphites, phospholipides, polyphenols, polysaccharides, sterically hindered phenolics, sulfur-containing compounds, tannin derivatives, terpenoids, thioethers, tocopherols, and quinolines. This shows a wide variety of options and applications, which are emphasized in this book.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eThe data for each antioxidant are presented in a separate table. The information in the table is divided into five sections: General, Physical properties, Health \u0026amp; safety, Ecological, and Use. The contents of these five sections are given below.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eGeneral\u003c\/b\u003e section contains the following fields: product name, CAS #, EC number, acronym, chemical name, chemical synonym, chemical formula, molecular weight, chemical class, moisture contents, bio-origin, mixture, product contents, other properties, concentration of arsenic, heavy metals, molybdenum, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and zinc, and RTECS #.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhysical\u003c\/b\u003e section contains the following fields: acid #, ash, acid dissociation constant, base dissociation constant, boiling point, bulk density, color (description, Hazen scale), density, freezing\/melting point, kinematic viscosity, maximum UV absorbance, odor, particle size, pH, refractive index, solubility in solvents, specific gravity, state, specific optical rotation, thermogravimetric analysis, total plate count, transmittance, vapor density, vapor pressure, viscosity, volatility, and yeast \u0026amp; molds.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHealth \u0026amp; safety\u003c\/b\u003e section contains the following fields: ADR\/RID class, autoignition temperature, HMIS (fire, health, reactivity), carcinogenicity, chronic effects, DOT class, explosive LEL \u0026amp; UEL, eye irritation, flash point and method, first aid (eye, skin, inhalation), ICAO\/IATA class, IMDG class, ingestion, inhalation (rat LC50), LD50 (dermal rat and rabbit, and oral rat), mutagenicity, NFPA (flammability, health, reactivity), proper shipping name, reproduction\/developmental toxicity, route of entry, skin irritation, target organs, teratogenicity, TLV (ACGIH, NIOSH, OSHA), UN packaging group, UN risk and safety phrases, and UN\/NA class.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eEcological\u003c\/b\u003e section contains the following fields: aquatic toxicity algae, LC50 (\u003ci\u003eBluegill sunfish, Daphnia magna, Fathead minnow, Rainbow trout, Zebra fish\u003c\/i\u003e), bioaccumulative and toxic assessment, bioconcentration factor, biodegradation probability, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, hydroxyl rate constant, and partition coefficient.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eUse\u003c\/b\u003e section contains the following fields: manufacturer, outstanding properties, potential substitute, recommended for products, recommended for resins, processing methods, concentrations used, guidelines for use, E-number, food approval, and costabilizers enhancing light stability.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eWe use the same set of units to achieve the compatibility of data. At the same time, data can only be made available if the manufacturing companies provide them.\u003c\/p\u003e"}
Handbook of Antioxidan...
$350.00
{"id":8814769537181,"title":"Handbook of Antioxidants, 2nd Ed","handle":"handbook-of-antioxidants-2nd-ed","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor: George Wypych\u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-927885-59-8 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePublished January 2025\u003cbr\u003eSecond Edition\u003cbr\u003eNumber of pages 330+vi\u003cbr\u003eFigures: 154\u003cbr\u003eTables: 37\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHandbook of Antioxidants contains information on both natural and man-made antioxidants available in natural products and added to numerous industrial applications. The book contains 5 chapters, each discussing different aspects of phenomena occurring when materials are exposed to ambient air which contains oxygen, ozone, singlet oxygen, and many other oxidizing species (radicals).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe introduction includes a discussion of general concepts related to antioxidants and their application. This is followed in Chapter 2 by information on existing natural and synthetic antioxidants which are presented in the form of tables characterizing their general properties and applications. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChapter 3 contains information on the physics and chemistry of oxidation and antioxidation, including the influence of UV radiation. In this chapter, the peculiarities of oxidation and its prevention by antioxidants are discussed for different groups of antioxidants. In total, 25 groups of antioxidants are discussed in separate sections of this chapter. The focus of the evaluation of research findings is on the mechanism of action of antioxidants, their stability, and eventual methods of its improvement.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA separate discussion of the effects of oxidation and photooxidation on living cells is included in Chapter 4. In the introduction, the differences and similarities between the behavior of polymers and living things and their use of antioxidants are briefly outlined. The opening is followed by separate sections discussing oxidation phenomena in microorganisms, plants, fish, animals, and humans.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChapter 5 constitutes the technological part of the book, which includes the analysis of progress and applications of antioxidants in different polymers and rubbers. In total, 66 polymers are discussed in separate sections of this chapter. The main subjects of this discussion include mechanisms of degradation and its prevention by antioxidants. The selection of the most suitable antioxidants and methods of their use constitutes one of the main subjects of discussion. This part of the book heavily relies on patent literature in addition to the scientific findings. The emphasis is given to the most recent applications rather than a historical review of applications.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis book is an excellent companion to the Databook of Antioxidants which has also been published recently. Both books supplement each other without repeating the same information – one contains data another theory, mechanisms of action, practical effects, and implications of application.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe information contained in both books is essential in medicine, pharmaceutical science and technology, the automotive industry, aerospace, oil industry, polymers and plastics, rubber, food preservation, cosmetics, natural oil production, lubrication, and many product groups derived from polymers and rubber.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 Introduction\u003cbr\u003e2 Typical Groups of Antioxidants\u003cbr\u003e2.1 Acids and their esters\u003cbr\u003e2.2 Algae\u003cbr\u003e2.3 Amines\u003cbr\u003e2.4 Anthocyanidins\u003cbr\u003e2.5 Ascorbates\u003cbr\u003e2.6 Benzofuranones\u003cbr\u003e2.7 Benzimidazoles\u003cbr\u003e2.8 Benzoquinones\u003cbr\u003e2.9 Biopolyphenols\u003cbr\u003e2.10 Curcumin\u003cbr\u003e2.11 Coumarin\u003cbr\u003e2.12 Enzymes\u003cbr\u003e2.13 Extracts\u003cbr\u003e2.14 Flavonoids\u003cbr\u003e2.15 Graphene\u003cbr\u003e2.16 Hydrazide metal deactivators\u003cbr\u003e2.17 Hydroquinidines\u003cbr\u003e2.18 Hydroquinone\u003cbr\u003e2.19 Hydroxylamines\u003cbr\u003e2.20 Isoflavones\u003cbr\u003e2.21 Lignanamide\u003cbr\u003e2.22 Liposomes\u003cbr\u003e2.23 Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants\u003cbr\u003e2.24 Oil-derivatives\u003cbr\u003e2.25 Peptides\u003cbr\u003e2.26 Phenolics\u003cbr\u003e2.27 Phosphites, diphosphite, and diphosphonites\u003cbr\u003e2.28 Polyphenols\u003cbr\u003e2.29 Stilbene derivatives\u003cbr\u003e2.30 Sulfur-containing compounds\u003cbr\u003e2.31 Terpenoids\u003cbr\u003e2.32 Tocopherols\u003cbr\u003e3 Physics and Chemistry of Oxidation and Antioxidants \u003cbr\u003e3.1 Acids\u003cbr\u003e3.2 Amines\u003cbr\u003e3.3 Anthocyanidins\u003cbr\u003e3.4 Ascorbates\u003cbr\u003e3.5 Benzofuranones\u003cbr\u003e3.6 Benzimidazoles\u003cbr\u003e3.7 Benzoquinones\u003cbr\u003e3.8 Curcumin\u003cbr\u003e3.9 Coumarin\u003cbr\u003e3.10 Enzymes\u003cbr\u003e3.11 Flavonoids\u003cbr\u003e3.12 Graphene\u003cbr\u003e3.13 Hydroquinones\u003cbr\u003e3.14 Hydroxylamines\u003cbr\u003e3.15 Isoflavones\u003cbr\u003e3.16 Lignanamide\u003cbr\u003e3.17 Oil components\u003cbr\u003e3.18 Peptides\u003cbr\u003e3.19 Phenolics\u003cbr\u003e3.20 Phosphites\u003cbr\u003e3.21 Polyphenols\u003cbr\u003e3.22 Stilbene derivatives\u003cbr\u003e3.23 Sulfur-containing compounds\u003cbr\u003e3.24 Terpenoids\u003cbr\u003e3.25 Tocopherols\u003cbr\u003e4 Oxidation in Living Cells\u003cbr\u003e4.1 Introduction\u003cbr\u003e4.2 Microorganisms\u003cbr\u003e4.3 Plants\u003cbr\u003e4.4 Fish\u003cbr\u003e4.5 Animals\u003cbr\u003e4.6 Humans\u003cbr\u003e5 Prevention of Oxidation of Selected Polymers and Rubbers\u003cbr\u003e5.1 ABS (Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene)\u003cbr\u003e5.2 AK (alkyd resin)\u003cbr\u003e5.3 C (cellulose)\u003cbr\u003e5.4 CA (cellulose acetate)\u003cbr\u003e5.5 CAR (carrageenan)\u003cbr\u003e5.6 CHI (chitosan)\u003cbr\u003e5.7 CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose)\u003cbr\u003e5.8 CN (cellulose nitrate)\u003cbr\u003e5.9 COC (cyclic olefin copolymer)\u003cbr\u003e5.10 CPE (chlorinated polyethylene)\u003cbr\u003e5.11 CPVC (chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride))\u003cbr\u003e5.12 CR (polychloroprene)\u003cbr\u003e5.13 CY (cyanoacrylate)\u003cbr\u003e5.14 EC (ethyl cellulose)\u003cbr\u003e5.15 ECTFE (poly(ethylene-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene))\u003cbr\u003e5.16 EP (epoxy resin)\u003cbr\u003e5.17 EPDM (ethylene-propylene diene terpolymer)\u003cbr\u003e5.18 EPR (ethylene-propylene rubber)\u003cbr\u003e5.19 EVAc (ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer)\u003cbr\u003e5.20 EVOH (ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer)\u003cbr\u003e5.21 GEL (gelatin)\u003cbr\u003e5.22 HDPE (high-density polyethylene)\u003cbr\u003e5.23 LDPE (low-density polyethylene)\u003cbr\u003e5.24 LLDPE (linear low-density polyethylene)\u003cbr\u003e5.25 NBR (acrylonitrile-butadiene elastomer)\u003cbr\u003e5.26 PA (polyamide)\u003cbr\u003e5.27 PANI (polyaniline)\u003cbr\u003e5.28 PB (polybutylene)\u003cbr\u003e5.29 PBD (polybutadiene)\u003cbr\u003e5.30 PC (polycarbonate)\u003cbr\u003e5.31 PCL (poly(ε-caprolactone))\u003cbr\u003e5.32 PDL (polylysine)\u003cbr\u003e5.33 PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane)\u003cbr\u003e5.34 PEEK (polyetheretherketone)\u003cbr\u003e5.35 PET (poly(ethylene terephthalate))\u003cbr\u003e5.36 PEX (silane-crosslinkable polyethylene)\u003cbr\u003e5.37 PFPE (perfluoropolyether)\u003cbr\u003e5.38 PHB (poly(3-hydroxybutyrate))\u003cbr\u003e5.39 pHEMA (poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate))\u003cbr\u003e5.40 PI (polyimide)\u003cbr\u003e5.41 PIB (polyisobutylene)\u003cbr\u003e5.42 PIP (polyisoprene)\u003cbr\u003e5.43 PK (polyketone)\u003cbr\u003e5.44 PLA (poly(lactic acid))\u003cbr\u003e5.45 PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate)\u003cbr\u003e5.46 PP (polypropylene)\u003cbr\u003e5.47 PPG (poly(propylene glycol))\u003cbr\u003e5.48 PPS (poly(p-phenylene sulfide))\u003cbr\u003e5.49 PPy (polypyrrole)\u003cbr\u003e5.50 PR (proteins)\u003cbr\u003e5.51 PS (polystyrene)\u003cbr\u003e5.52 PSR (polysulfide)\u003cbr\u003e5.53 PSU (polysulfone)\u003cbr\u003e5.54 PU (polyurethane)\u003cbr\u003e5.55 PVAl (poly(vinyl alcohol))\u003cbr\u003e5.56 PVB (poly(vinyl butyrate))\u003cbr\u003e5.57 PVC (poly(vinyl chloride))\u003cbr\u003e5.58 PVP (poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone))\u003cbr\u003e5.59 SBC (styrene-butadiene block copolymer)\u003cbr\u003e5.60 SBR (poly(styrene-co-butadiene))\u003cbr\u003e5.61 SBS (styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer)\u003cbr\u003e5.62 SEBS (styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene triblock copolymer)\u003cbr\u003e5.63 SIS (styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer)\u003cbr\u003e5.64 ST (starch)\u003cbr\u003e5.65 UHMWPE (ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene)\u003cbr\u003e5.66 XG (xanthan gum)\u003cbr\u003eIndex \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","published_at":"2026-01-08T15:49:45-05:00","created_at":"2026-01-08T15:39:09-05:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2025","book","plastics"],"price":35000,"price_min":35000,"price_max":35000,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":47538104271005,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":null,"requires_shipping":true,"taxable":false,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Handbook of Antioxidants, 2nd Ed","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":35000,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":0,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-1-77467-056-9","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[],"quantity_rule":{"min":1,"max":null,"increment":1}}],"images":["\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/files\/9781774670569.png?v=1767905331"],"featured_image":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/files\/9781774670569.png?v=1767905331","options":["Title"],"media":[{"alt":null,"id":32606353817757,"position":1,"preview_image":{"aspect_ratio":0.662,"height":450,"width":298,"src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/files\/9781774670569.png?v=1767905331"},"aspect_ratio":0.662,"height":450,"media_type":"image","src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/files\/9781774670569.png?v=1767905331","width":298}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor: George Wypych\u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-927885-59-8 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePublished January 2025\u003cbr\u003eSecond Edition\u003cbr\u003eNumber of pages 330+vi\u003cbr\u003eFigures: 154\u003cbr\u003eTables: 37\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHandbook of Antioxidants contains information on both natural and man-made antioxidants available in natural products and added to numerous industrial applications. The book contains 5 chapters, each discussing different aspects of phenomena occurring when materials are exposed to ambient air which contains oxygen, ozone, singlet oxygen, and many other oxidizing species (radicals).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe introduction includes a discussion of general concepts related to antioxidants and their application. This is followed in Chapter 2 by information on existing natural and synthetic antioxidants which are presented in the form of tables characterizing their general properties and applications. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChapter 3 contains information on the physics and chemistry of oxidation and antioxidation, including the influence of UV radiation. In this chapter, the peculiarities of oxidation and its prevention by antioxidants are discussed for different groups of antioxidants. In total, 25 groups of antioxidants are discussed in separate sections of this chapter. The focus of the evaluation of research findings is on the mechanism of action of antioxidants, their stability, and eventual methods of its improvement.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA separate discussion of the effects of oxidation and photooxidation on living cells is included in Chapter 4. In the introduction, the differences and similarities between the behavior of polymers and living things and their use of antioxidants are briefly outlined. The opening is followed by separate sections discussing oxidation phenomena in microorganisms, plants, fish, animals, and humans.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChapter 5 constitutes the technological part of the book, which includes the analysis of progress and applications of antioxidants in different polymers and rubbers. In total, 66 polymers are discussed in separate sections of this chapter. The main subjects of this discussion include mechanisms of degradation and its prevention by antioxidants. The selection of the most suitable antioxidants and methods of their use constitutes one of the main subjects of discussion. This part of the book heavily relies on patent literature in addition to the scientific findings. The emphasis is given to the most recent applications rather than a historical review of applications.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis book is an excellent companion to the Databook of Antioxidants which has also been published recently. Both books supplement each other without repeating the same information – one contains data another theory, mechanisms of action, practical effects, and implications of application.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe information contained in both books is essential in medicine, pharmaceutical science and technology, the automotive industry, aerospace, oil industry, polymers and plastics, rubber, food preservation, cosmetics, natural oil production, lubrication, and many product groups derived from polymers and rubber.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 Introduction\u003cbr\u003e2 Typical Groups of Antioxidants\u003cbr\u003e2.1 Acids and their esters\u003cbr\u003e2.2 Algae\u003cbr\u003e2.3 Amines\u003cbr\u003e2.4 Anthocyanidins\u003cbr\u003e2.5 Ascorbates\u003cbr\u003e2.6 Benzofuranones\u003cbr\u003e2.7 Benzimidazoles\u003cbr\u003e2.8 Benzoquinones\u003cbr\u003e2.9 Biopolyphenols\u003cbr\u003e2.10 Curcumin\u003cbr\u003e2.11 Coumarin\u003cbr\u003e2.12 Enzymes\u003cbr\u003e2.13 Extracts\u003cbr\u003e2.14 Flavonoids\u003cbr\u003e2.15 Graphene\u003cbr\u003e2.16 Hydrazide metal deactivators\u003cbr\u003e2.17 Hydroquinidines\u003cbr\u003e2.18 Hydroquinone\u003cbr\u003e2.19 Hydroxylamines\u003cbr\u003e2.20 Isoflavones\u003cbr\u003e2.21 Lignanamide\u003cbr\u003e2.22 Liposomes\u003cbr\u003e2.23 Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants\u003cbr\u003e2.24 Oil-derivatives\u003cbr\u003e2.25 Peptides\u003cbr\u003e2.26 Phenolics\u003cbr\u003e2.27 Phosphites, diphosphite, and diphosphonites\u003cbr\u003e2.28 Polyphenols\u003cbr\u003e2.29 Stilbene derivatives\u003cbr\u003e2.30 Sulfur-containing compounds\u003cbr\u003e2.31 Terpenoids\u003cbr\u003e2.32 Tocopherols\u003cbr\u003e3 Physics and Chemistry of Oxidation and Antioxidants \u003cbr\u003e3.1 Acids\u003cbr\u003e3.2 Amines\u003cbr\u003e3.3 Anthocyanidins\u003cbr\u003e3.4 Ascorbates\u003cbr\u003e3.5 Benzofuranones\u003cbr\u003e3.6 Benzimidazoles\u003cbr\u003e3.7 Benzoquinones\u003cbr\u003e3.8 Curcumin\u003cbr\u003e3.9 Coumarin\u003cbr\u003e3.10 Enzymes\u003cbr\u003e3.11 Flavonoids\u003cbr\u003e3.12 Graphene\u003cbr\u003e3.13 Hydroquinones\u003cbr\u003e3.14 Hydroxylamines\u003cbr\u003e3.15 Isoflavones\u003cbr\u003e3.16 Lignanamide\u003cbr\u003e3.17 Oil components\u003cbr\u003e3.18 Peptides\u003cbr\u003e3.19 Phenolics\u003cbr\u003e3.20 Phosphites\u003cbr\u003e3.21 Polyphenols\u003cbr\u003e3.22 Stilbene derivatives\u003cbr\u003e3.23 Sulfur-containing compounds\u003cbr\u003e3.24 Terpenoids\u003cbr\u003e3.25 Tocopherols\u003cbr\u003e4 Oxidation in Living Cells\u003cbr\u003e4.1 Introduction\u003cbr\u003e4.2 Microorganisms\u003cbr\u003e4.3 Plants\u003cbr\u003e4.4 Fish\u003cbr\u003e4.5 Animals\u003cbr\u003e4.6 Humans\u003cbr\u003e5 Prevention of Oxidation of Selected Polymers and Rubbers\u003cbr\u003e5.1 ABS (Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene)\u003cbr\u003e5.2 AK (alkyd resin)\u003cbr\u003e5.3 C (cellulose)\u003cbr\u003e5.4 CA (cellulose acetate)\u003cbr\u003e5.5 CAR (carrageenan)\u003cbr\u003e5.6 CHI (chitosan)\u003cbr\u003e5.7 CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose)\u003cbr\u003e5.8 CN (cellulose nitrate)\u003cbr\u003e5.9 COC (cyclic olefin copolymer)\u003cbr\u003e5.10 CPE (chlorinated polyethylene)\u003cbr\u003e5.11 CPVC (chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride))\u003cbr\u003e5.12 CR (polychloroprene)\u003cbr\u003e5.13 CY (cyanoacrylate)\u003cbr\u003e5.14 EC (ethyl cellulose)\u003cbr\u003e5.15 ECTFE (poly(ethylene-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene))\u003cbr\u003e5.16 EP (epoxy resin)\u003cbr\u003e5.17 EPDM (ethylene-propylene diene terpolymer)\u003cbr\u003e5.18 EPR (ethylene-propylene rubber)\u003cbr\u003e5.19 EVAc (ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer)\u003cbr\u003e5.20 EVOH (ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer)\u003cbr\u003e5.21 GEL (gelatin)\u003cbr\u003e5.22 HDPE (high-density polyethylene)\u003cbr\u003e5.23 LDPE (low-density polyethylene)\u003cbr\u003e5.24 LLDPE (linear low-density polyethylene)\u003cbr\u003e5.25 NBR (acrylonitrile-butadiene elastomer)\u003cbr\u003e5.26 PA (polyamide)\u003cbr\u003e5.27 PANI (polyaniline)\u003cbr\u003e5.28 PB (polybutylene)\u003cbr\u003e5.29 PBD (polybutadiene)\u003cbr\u003e5.30 PC (polycarbonate)\u003cbr\u003e5.31 PCL (poly(ε-caprolactone))\u003cbr\u003e5.32 PDL (polylysine)\u003cbr\u003e5.33 PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane)\u003cbr\u003e5.34 PEEK (polyetheretherketone)\u003cbr\u003e5.35 PET (poly(ethylene terephthalate))\u003cbr\u003e5.36 PEX (silane-crosslinkable polyethylene)\u003cbr\u003e5.37 PFPE (perfluoropolyether)\u003cbr\u003e5.38 PHB (poly(3-hydroxybutyrate))\u003cbr\u003e5.39 pHEMA (poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate))\u003cbr\u003e5.40 PI (polyimide)\u003cbr\u003e5.41 PIB (polyisobutylene)\u003cbr\u003e5.42 PIP (polyisoprene)\u003cbr\u003e5.43 PK (polyketone)\u003cbr\u003e5.44 PLA (poly(lactic acid))\u003cbr\u003e5.45 PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate)\u003cbr\u003e5.46 PP (polypropylene)\u003cbr\u003e5.47 PPG (poly(propylene glycol))\u003cbr\u003e5.48 PPS (poly(p-phenylene sulfide))\u003cbr\u003e5.49 PPy (polypyrrole)\u003cbr\u003e5.50 PR (proteins)\u003cbr\u003e5.51 PS (polystyrene)\u003cbr\u003e5.52 PSR (polysulfide)\u003cbr\u003e5.53 PSU (polysulfone)\u003cbr\u003e5.54 PU (polyurethane)\u003cbr\u003e5.55 PVAl (poly(vinyl alcohol))\u003cbr\u003e5.56 PVB (poly(vinyl butyrate))\u003cbr\u003e5.57 PVC (poly(vinyl chloride))\u003cbr\u003e5.58 PVP (poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone))\u003cbr\u003e5.59 SBC (styrene-butadiene block copolymer)\u003cbr\u003e5.60 SBR (poly(styrene-co-butadiene))\u003cbr\u003e5.61 SBS (styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer)\u003cbr\u003e5.62 SEBS (styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene triblock copolymer)\u003cbr\u003e5.63 SIS (styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer)\u003cbr\u003e5.64 ST (starch)\u003cbr\u003e5.65 UHMWPE (ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene)\u003cbr\u003e5.66 XG (xanthan gum)\u003cbr\u003eIndex \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e"}
Handbook of Curatives ...
$350.00
{"id":8814762295453,"title":"Handbook of Curatives and Crosslinkers, 2nd Ed","handle":"handbook-of-curatives-and-crosslinkers-2nd-ed","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor: George Wypych \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-77467-038-5\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eEdition: 2nd \u003cbr\u003ePublished Jan 2024\u003cbr\u003ePages: 376+vi\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eHandbook of Curatives and Crosslinkers, Second Edition is a comprehensive reference that provides detailed information on the formulation and manufacture of plastics. This authoritative work presents everything needed to produce strong and durable elastomers, using the best curatives and crosslinkers on the market now.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eThis book contains the most up-to-date information on additives that convert soluble monomers, prepolymers, or polymers to insoluble polymer networks popularly known as thermosetting polymers. The additives that cause these changes include crosslinkers and curatives. Both types of additives are discussed in separate chapters of the book because they substantially differ in the substrates that they convert. Curatives usually react with low molecular monomers, prepolymers, or oligomers whereas crosslinkers are frequently used to convert polymers. Both sections of crosslinker and curatives have a similar structure in which the effect of additives is presented, including the evaluation of chemical and physical properties of curatives or crosslinkers, selection of crosslinkers and curatives for specific polymers, the mechanisms of their action, parameters of crosslinking or curing process, and their effect on the properties of the converted polymers.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThe crosslinkers contain are used in 73 polymers and a curative in 13 polymers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eThere is a substantial difference in the application of both types of additives. Curatives are in common use in many industrial products manufactured on a large scale, such as for example adhesives, sealants, coatings, inks, explosives, propellants, or foams. They are also used in some emerging products such as optoelectronics, shape-memory applications, light-emitting diodes, liquid crystal displays, self-healing materials, etc. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eCrosslinkers are also used in typical industrial processing methods including encapsulation of solar cells, vulcanization, adhesives, foams, roofing, etc. But their strength and future are more focused on emerging applications such as drug release, artificial muscles in microdevices, autonomous shape-memory actuators, hygienic textiles, membranes, scaffolds, recycling, sensors, and tissue adhesives or wound dressing, just to mention some.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eBoth groups of additives are very important in industrial applications, and we are hoping that this volume will find a broad readership, especially considering that it is the first book ever published on this subject in English literature.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eReaders of this book may find it interesting that \u003cb\u003eDatabook of Curatives and Crosslinkers\u003c\/b\u003e is published at the same time to provide information on the properties of both commercial and generic chemical products used as curatives and crosslinkers. The two books offer comprehensive information on the subject not found in any other source.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eThe book contains an invaluable reference for industry professionals, such as research scientists, development chemists, polymer engineers, and project managers who work in related applications.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eThe table of contents includes more details of coverage.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents \u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eIntroduction\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCrosslinkers. Chemical Composition and Properties\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolymers and Their Crosslinkers\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.1 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAcrylamide \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.2 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAcrylics \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.3 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAcrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (nitrile rubber), NBR \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.4 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAcrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.5 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAgar \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.6 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAlkyd resin \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.7 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAramid \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.8 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eBiopolymers \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.9 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eBromobutyl rubber \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.10 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eButyl rubber \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.11 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCarboxymethylcellulose \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.12 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCellulose \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.13 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCellulose acetate butyrate \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.14 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCellulose acetate propionate \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.15 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eChitosan \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.16 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eChlorinated and chlorosulfonated polyethylene \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.17 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCyanoacrylate \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.18 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eEpoxidized natural rubber \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.19 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eEpoxy resin \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.20 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eEthylene-propylene diene monomer rubber \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.21 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eEthylene-propylene rubber \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.22 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eEthylene-vinyl acetate copolymer \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.23 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eFluoroelastomer \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.24 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eGelatin \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.25 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eGuar gum \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.26 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eHydrogenated nitrile rubber \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.27 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eHyperbranched polymer \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.28 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eLiquid crystalline elastomers \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.29 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eMelamine \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.30 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eMethyl vinyl silicone rubber \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.31 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eN-isopropylacrylamide \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.32 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eNatural rubber \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.33 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePhenolic resin \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.34 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePoly(2-oxazoline) \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.35 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyacrylamide \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.36 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyacrylate \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.37 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyamide \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.38 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolybenzimidazole \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.39 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolybutadiene \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.40 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePoly(butylene succinate-co-butylene fumarate) \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.41 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePoly(butylene terephthalate) \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.42 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolycaprolactone \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.43 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolycarbonate \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.44 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolychloroprene \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.45 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolydimethylsiloxane \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.46 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyetheretherketone \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.47 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyetherketoneketone \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.48 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyetherimide \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.49 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyethylene \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.50 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePoly(ethylene terephthalate) \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.51 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePoly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.52 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyimide \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.53 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyisobutylene \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.54 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePoly(lactic acid) \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.55 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolymethylmethacrylate \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.56 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePoly(methylmethacrylate-co-hydroxyethyl acrylate) \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.57 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePoly(N-isopropylacrylamide) \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.58 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePoly(phenylene sulfide) \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.59 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolypropylene \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.60 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolystyrene \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.61 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolystyrene-co-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.62 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePoly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.63 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolysulfone \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.64 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyurethane \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.65 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyvinylalcohol \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.66 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyvinylchloride \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.67 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eProteins \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e368 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eSilicone rubber \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.69 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eStarch \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.70 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eStyrene-butadiene rubber \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.71 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eSulfonated polyetheretherketone \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.72 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eSulfonated polysulfone \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.73 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eUnsaturated polyester \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eParameters of Crosslinking\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e4.1 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eActivation energy\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e4.2 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eConcentration of crosslinker\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e4.3 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eConversion degree\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e4.4 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eGlass transition temperature\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e4.5 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eMelting temperature\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e4.6 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eRadiation dose\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e4.7 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eTemperature\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e4.8 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThickness of a part\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e4.9 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eTime\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e4.10 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eViscosity\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eEffect of Crosslinkers on Properties\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.1 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAdhesion\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.2 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAntibacterial properties\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.3 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eBiocompatibility\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.4 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCell size\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.5 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCompression set\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.6 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCompressive strength\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.7 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eContact angle and surface energy\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.8 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCrosslink density\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.9 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCrosslinking kinetics\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.10 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCrystallization temperature\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.11 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCrystalline structure\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.12 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCrystallinity\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.13 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCytotoxicity\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.14 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eFoam morphology\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.15 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eFriction\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.16 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eGel content\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.17 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eGrafting\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.18 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eHardness\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.19 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eHydrophilicity\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.20 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eImpact strength\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.21 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eMiscibility\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.22 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eMolecular weight\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.23 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eMorphology\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.24 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePhoto and thermal actuation\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.25 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eRecycling\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.26 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eSwelling\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.27 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eTear strength\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.28 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eTensile strength\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.29 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThermal conductivity\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.30 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThermal stability\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.31 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eVulcanization rate\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.32 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eWater uptake\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCuratives. Chemical Composition and Properties\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolymers and Their Curatives\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e7.1 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAcrylics\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e7.2 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAlginates\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e7.3 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eBromobutyl rubber\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e7.4 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCyanate resin\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e7.5 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eEpoxy resins\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e7.6 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eEpoxy-novolac\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e7.7 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eHydroxyl terminated azido polymer\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e7.8 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eNonisocyanate polyhydroxyurethane\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e7.9 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePhthalonitrile resin\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e7.10 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyimide\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e7.11 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolysiloxane\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e7.12 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyurethane\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e7.13 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eResorcinol\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eParameters of Curing\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e8.1 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eActivation energy\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e8.2 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eComponent ratio\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e8.3 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eConversion degree\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e8.4 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eGlass transition temperature\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e8.5 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eMelting point\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e8.6 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eTemperature\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e8.7 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThickness\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e8.8 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eTime\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e8.9 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eViscosity\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eEffect of Curatives on Properties\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.1 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAcid rain\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.2 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAdhesion\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.3 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCell morphology\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.4 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eDiffusion\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.5 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eElectrical resistivity\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.6 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eFlame retardancy\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.7 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eFlexibility\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.8 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eFlexural strength\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.9 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eFracture5\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.10 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eGel fraction and time\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.11 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eGlass transition temperature\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.12 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eHealing\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.13 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eImpact strength\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.14 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eMorphology\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.15 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eOptical properties\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.16 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eReaction order and rate\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.17 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eShape memory\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.18 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eStorage stability\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.19 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eStress relaxation\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.20 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eTensile strength\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.21 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThermal conductivity\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.22 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThermal stability\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.23 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eToughness\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.24 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eTransparency\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.25 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eWettability\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eIndex\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","published_at":"2026-01-08T16:00:58-05:00","created_at":"2026-01-08T15:36:02-05:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2024","book"],"price":35000,"price_min":35000,"price_max":35000,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":47538093949085,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":null,"requires_shipping":true,"taxable":false,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Handbook of Curatives and Crosslinkers, 2nd Ed","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":35000,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":0,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-1-77467-038-5","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[],"quantity_rule":{"min":1,"max":null,"increment":1}}],"images":["\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/files\/9781774670385.png?v=1767906002"],"featured_image":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/files\/9781774670385.png?v=1767906002","options":["Title"],"media":[{"alt":null,"id":32606508646557,"position":1,"preview_image":{"aspect_ratio":0.671,"height":450,"width":302,"src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/files\/9781774670385.png?v=1767906002"},"aspect_ratio":0.671,"height":450,"media_type":"image","src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/files\/9781774670385.png?v=1767906002","width":302}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor: George Wypych \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-77467-038-5\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eEdition: 2nd \u003cbr\u003ePublished Jan 2024\u003cbr\u003ePages: 376+vi\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eHandbook of Curatives and Crosslinkers, Second Edition is a comprehensive reference that provides detailed information on the formulation and manufacture of plastics. This authoritative work presents everything needed to produce strong and durable elastomers, using the best curatives and crosslinkers on the market now.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eThis book contains the most up-to-date information on additives that convert soluble monomers, prepolymers, or polymers to insoluble polymer networks popularly known as thermosetting polymers. The additives that cause these changes include crosslinkers and curatives. Both types of additives are discussed in separate chapters of the book because they substantially differ in the substrates that they convert. Curatives usually react with low molecular monomers, prepolymers, or oligomers whereas crosslinkers are frequently used to convert polymers. Both sections of crosslinker and curatives have a similar structure in which the effect of additives is presented, including the evaluation of chemical and physical properties of curatives or crosslinkers, selection of crosslinkers and curatives for specific polymers, the mechanisms of their action, parameters of crosslinking or curing process, and their effect on the properties of the converted polymers.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThe crosslinkers contain are used in 73 polymers and a curative in 13 polymers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eThere is a substantial difference in the application of both types of additives. Curatives are in common use in many industrial products manufactured on a large scale, such as for example adhesives, sealants, coatings, inks, explosives, propellants, or foams. They are also used in some emerging products such as optoelectronics, shape-memory applications, light-emitting diodes, liquid crystal displays, self-healing materials, etc. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eCrosslinkers are also used in typical industrial processing methods including encapsulation of solar cells, vulcanization, adhesives, foams, roofing, etc. But their strength and future are more focused on emerging applications such as drug release, artificial muscles in microdevices, autonomous shape-memory actuators, hygienic textiles, membranes, scaffolds, recycling, sensors, and tissue adhesives or wound dressing, just to mention some.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eBoth groups of additives are very important in industrial applications, and we are hoping that this volume will find a broad readership, especially considering that it is the first book ever published on this subject in English literature.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eReaders of this book may find it interesting that \u003cb\u003eDatabook of Curatives and Crosslinkers\u003c\/b\u003e is published at the same time to provide information on the properties of both commercial and generic chemical products used as curatives and crosslinkers. The two books offer comprehensive information on the subject not found in any other source.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eThe book contains an invaluable reference for industry professionals, such as research scientists, development chemists, polymer engineers, and project managers who work in related applications.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eThe table of contents includes more details of coverage.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents \u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eIntroduction\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCrosslinkers. Chemical Composition and Properties\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolymers and Their Crosslinkers\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.1 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAcrylamide \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.2 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAcrylics \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.3 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAcrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (nitrile rubber), NBR \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.4 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAcrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.5 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAgar \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.6 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAlkyd resin \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.7 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAramid \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.8 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eBiopolymers \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.9 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eBromobutyl rubber \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.10 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eButyl rubber \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.11 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCarboxymethylcellulose \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.12 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCellulose \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.13 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCellulose acetate butyrate \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.14 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCellulose acetate propionate \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.15 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eChitosan \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.16 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eChlorinated and chlorosulfonated polyethylene \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.17 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCyanoacrylate \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.18 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eEpoxidized natural rubber \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.19 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eEpoxy resin \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.20 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eEthylene-propylene diene monomer rubber \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.21 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eEthylene-propylene rubber \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.22 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eEthylene-vinyl acetate copolymer \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.23 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eFluoroelastomer \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.24 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eGelatin \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.25 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eGuar gum \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.26 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eHydrogenated nitrile rubber \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.27 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eHyperbranched polymer \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.28 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eLiquid crystalline elastomers \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.29 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eMelamine \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.30 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eMethyl vinyl silicone rubber \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.31 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eN-isopropylacrylamide \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.32 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eNatural rubber \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.33 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePhenolic resin \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.34 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePoly(2-oxazoline) \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.35 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyacrylamide \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.36 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyacrylate \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.37 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyamide \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.38 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolybenzimidazole \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.39 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolybutadiene \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.40 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePoly(butylene succinate-co-butylene fumarate) \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.41 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePoly(butylene terephthalate) \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.42 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolycaprolactone \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.43 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolycarbonate \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.44 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolychloroprene \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.45 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolydimethylsiloxane \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.46 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyetheretherketone \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.47 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyetherketoneketone \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.48 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyetherimide \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.49 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyethylene \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.50 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePoly(ethylene terephthalate) \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.51 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePoly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.52 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyimide \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.53 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyisobutylene \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.54 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePoly(lactic acid) \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.55 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolymethylmethacrylate \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.56 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePoly(methylmethacrylate-co-hydroxyethyl acrylate) \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.57 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePoly(N-isopropylacrylamide) \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.58 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePoly(phenylene sulfide) \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.59 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolypropylene \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.60 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolystyrene \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.61 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolystyrene-co-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.62 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePoly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.63 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolysulfone \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.64 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyurethane \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.65 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyvinylalcohol \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.66 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyvinylchloride \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.67 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eProteins \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e368 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eSilicone rubber \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.69 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eStarch \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.70 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eStyrene-butadiene rubber \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.71 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eSulfonated polyetheretherketone \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.72 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eSulfonated polysulfone \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.73 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eUnsaturated polyester \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eParameters of Crosslinking\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e4.1 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eActivation energy\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e4.2 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eConcentration of crosslinker\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e4.3 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eConversion degree\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e4.4 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eGlass transition temperature\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e4.5 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eMelting temperature\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e4.6 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eRadiation dose\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e4.7 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eTemperature\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e4.8 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThickness of a part\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e4.9 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eTime\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e4.10 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eViscosity\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eEffect of Crosslinkers on Properties\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.1 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAdhesion\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.2 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAntibacterial properties\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.3 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eBiocompatibility\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.4 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCell size\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.5 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCompression set\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.6 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCompressive strength\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.7 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eContact angle and surface energy\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.8 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCrosslink density\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.9 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCrosslinking kinetics\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.10 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCrystallization temperature\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.11 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCrystalline structure\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.12 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCrystallinity\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.13 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCytotoxicity\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.14 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eFoam morphology\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.15 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eFriction\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.16 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eGel content\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.17 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eGrafting\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.18 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eHardness\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.19 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eHydrophilicity\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.20 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eImpact strength\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.21 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eMiscibility\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.22 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eMolecular weight\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.23 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eMorphology\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.24 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePhoto and thermal actuation\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.25 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eRecycling\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.26 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eSwelling\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.27 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eTear strength\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.28 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eTensile strength\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.29 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThermal conductivity\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.30 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThermal stability\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.31 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eVulcanization rate\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e5.32 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eWater uptake\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCuratives. Chemical Composition and Properties\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolymers and Their Curatives\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e7.1 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAcrylics\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e7.2 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAlginates\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e7.3 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eBromobutyl rubber\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e7.4 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCyanate resin\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e7.5 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eEpoxy resins\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e7.6 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eEpoxy-novolac\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e7.7 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eHydroxyl terminated azido polymer\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e7.8 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eNonisocyanate polyhydroxyurethane\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e7.9 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePhthalonitrile resin\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e7.10 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyimide\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e7.11 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolysiloxane\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e7.12 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePolyurethane\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e7.13 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eResorcinol\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eParameters of Curing\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e8.1 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eActivation energy\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e8.2 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eComponent ratio\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e8.3 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eConversion degree\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e8.4 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eGlass transition temperature\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e8.5 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eMelting point\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e8.6 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eTemperature\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e8.7 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThickness\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e8.8 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eTime\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e8.9 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eViscosity\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eEffect of Curatives on Properties\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.1 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAcid rain\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.2 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAdhesion\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.3 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCell morphology\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.4 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eDiffusion\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.5 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eElectrical resistivity\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.6 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eFlame retardancy\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.7 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eFlexibility\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.8 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eFlexural strength\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.9 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eFracture5\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.10 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eGel fraction and time\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.11 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eGlass transition temperature\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.12 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eHealing\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.13 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eImpact strength\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.14 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eMorphology\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.15 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eOptical properties\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.16 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eReaction order and rate\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.17 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eShape memory\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.18 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eStorage stability\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.19 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eStress relaxation\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.20 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eTensile strength\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.21 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThermal conductivity\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.22 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThermal stability\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.23 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eToughness\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.24 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eTransparency\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e9.25 \u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eWettability\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eIndex\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e"}