Handbook of Plasticizers, 4th Edition

1 INTRODUCTION
George Wypych
1.1 Historical developments
1.2 Expectations from plasticizers
1.3 Definitions
1.4 Classification

2 PLASTICIZER TYPES
George Wypych
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Characteristic properties of industrial plasticizers
2.2.1 Abietates
2.2.2 Adipates
2.2.3 Alkyl sulfonates
2.2.4 Amides and amines
2.2.5 Azelates
2.2.6 Benzoates
2.2.7 Bioplasticizers
2.2.8 Biodegradable plasticizers
2.2.9 Chlorinated paraffins,
2.2.10 Citrates
2.2.11 Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, diisononyl ester
2.2.12 Energetic plasticizers
2.2.13 Epoxides
2.2.14 Esters of C10-30 dicarboxylic acids
2.2.15 Ether-ester plasticizers
2.2.16 Glutarates
2.2.17 Hydrocarbon oils
2.2.18 Hydrocarbon resins
2.2.19 Isobutyrates
2.2.20 Maleates
2.2.21 Oleates
2.2.22 Pentaerythritol derivatives
2.2.23 Phosphates
2.2.24 Phthalate-free plasticizers
2.2.25 Phthalates
2.2.26 Polymeric plasticizers
2.2.26.1 Esters
2.2.26.2 Polybutenes
2.26.3 Others
2.2.27 Ricinoleates
2.2.28 Sebacates
2.2.29 Succinates
2.2.30 Sulfonamides
2.2.31 Superplasticizers and plasticizers for concrete
2.2.32 Tri- and pyromellitates
2.3 Methods of synthesis and their effect on properties of plasticizers
2.4 Reactive plasticizers and internal plasticization

3 TYPICAL METHODS OF QUALITY CONTROL OF PLASTICIZERS
George Wypych
3.1 Abbreviations, terminology, and vocabulary
3.2 Acid number
3.3 Aging studies
3.4 Ash
3.5 Brittleness temperature
3.6 Brookfield viscosity
3.7 Chemical resistance
3.8 Color
3.9 Compatibility
3.10 Compression set
3.11 Concrete additives
3.12 Electrical properties
3.13 Extractable matter
3.14 Flash and fire point
3.15 Fogging
3.16 Fusion
3.17 Gas chromatography
3.18 Hardness
3.19 Infrared analysis of plasticizers
3.20 Kinematic viscosity
3.21 Marking (classification)
3.22 Melt rheology
3.23 Migration
3.24 Polyvinylchloride  standard specification
3.25 Powder-mix time
3.26 Purity
3.27 Refractive index
3.28 Residual contamination
3.29 Sampling
3.30 Saponification value
3.31 Saybolt viscosity
3.32 Sorption of plasticizer
3.33 Specific gravity
3.34 Specification
3.35 Staining
3.36 Stiffness
3.37 Tensile properties
3.38 Thermal expansion coefficient
3.39 Unsaponifiable contents
3.40 Viscosity of plastisols and organosols
3.41 Water concentration
3.42 Weight loss

4 TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE
George Wypych
4.1 Transportation
4.2 Storage

5 MECHANISMS OF PLASTICIZERS ACTION
A. Marcilla and M. Beltrán
5.1 Classical theories
5.1.1 The lubricity theory
5.1.2 The gel theory
5.1.3 Moorshead's empirical approach
5.2 The free volume theory
5.2.1 Mathematical models

6 COMPATIBILITY OF PLASTICIZERS 159
George Wypych
6.1 Prediction methods of plasticizer compatibility
6.1.1 Flory-Huggins interaction parameter
6.1.2 Prediction of Gibbs free energy of mixing UNIFAC-FV
6.1.3 Molar volume
6.1.4 Polarity
6.1.5 Hansen solubility parameters
6.1.6 Hoy solubility parameters and other methods based on solubility
parameters
6.1.7 Hildebrand solubility parameter
6.1.8 Molecule charge density using COSMO
6.1.9 Mesoscale simulation using DPD
6.1.10 Ap/Po ratio
6.2 Validation methods
6.2.1 DSC analysis
6.2.2 Inverse gas chromatography
6.2.3 Solid-gel transition temperature
6.3 Effect of plasticizer structure and conditions of incorporation on
compatibility
6.3.1 Effect of plasticizer structure
6.3.1.1 Aromaticity
6.3.1.2 Branching
6.3.1.3 Chain length
6.3.1.4 Molecular weight
6.3.1.5 Polarity
6.3.2 Conditions of incorporation
6.3.2.1 Amount (concentration)
6.3.2.2 Method of processing
6.3.2.3 Temperature
6.4 Effect of plasticizer type on properties of plasticized material
6.4.1 Crystallinity
6.4.2 Exudation
6.4.3 Permanence
6.4.4 Thermal degradation
6.4.5 Volatility

7 PLASTICIZER MOTION AND DIFFUSION
George Wypych
7.1 Plasticizer diffusion rate and the methods of study
7.2 Plasticizer motion and distribution in the matrix
7.3 Plasticizer migration
7.4 Antiplasticization
7.5 Effect of diffusion and mobility of plasticizers on their suitability

8 EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS ON OTHER COMPONENTS OF FORMULATION
George Wypych
8.1 Plasticizer consumption by fillers
8.2 Solubility of additives in plasticizers
8.3 Additive molecular mobility and transport in the presence of
plasticizers
8.4 Effect of plasticizers on polymerization and curing reactions

9 PLASTICIZATION STEPS
A. Marcilla, J.C. García and M. Beltrán
9.1 Plasticization steps
9.2 Studies of plastisol's behavior during gelation and fusion
9.2.1 Rheological characterization
9.2.2 Studies by Scanning Electron Microscopy
9.2.3 Study of polymer-plasticizer interactions by DSC
9.2.4 Study of polymer-plasticizer interactions by SALS
9.2.5 Study of polymer-plasticizer interactions by FTIR
9.2.6 Study of polymer-plasticizer interactions by TG

10 EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS ON PROPERTIES OF PLASTICIZED MATERIALS
George Wypych
10.1 Mechanical properties
10.1.1 Tensile strength
10.1.2 Elongation
10.1.3 Hardness
10.1.4 Toughness, stiffness, ductility, modulus
10.1.5 Other mechanical properties
10.2 Optical properties
10.3 Spectral properties
10.4 Gloss
10.5 Sound
10.6 Rheological properties
10.7 Magnetorheological properties
10.8 Electrical properties
10.9 Glass transition temperature
10.10 Flammability and smoke formation in the presence of plasticizers
10.11 Thermal degradation
10.11.1 Thermal degradation of plasticizers
10.11.2 Effect of polymer degradation products on plasticizers
10.11.3 Effect of plasticizer degradation products on polymer degradation
10.11.4 Loss of plasticizer from the material due to chemical decomposition
reactions and evaporation
10.11.5 Effect of plasticizers on the thermal degradation of materials
10.12 Effect of UV and ionizing radiation on plasticized materials
10.13 Hydrolysis
10.14 Biodegradation in the presence of plasticizers
10.15 Crystallization, structure, and orientation of macromolecules
10.16 Morphology
10.17 Plasticizer effect on contact with other materials
10.18 Influence of plasticizers on swelling
10.19 Fogging
10.20 Hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties
10.21 Osmotic pressure of plasticizer in polymer
10.22 Self-healing
10.23 Shrinkage
10.24 Soiling
10.25 Free volume
10.26 Dissolution
10.27 Foaming
10.28 Permeability
10.29 Sorption

11 PLASTICIZERS USE AND SELECTION FOR SPECIFIC POLYMERS
George Wypych
11.1 ABS
11.1.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.1.2 Practical concentrations
11.1.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.1.4 Mechanism of plasticizer action
11.1.5 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.1.6 Typical formulations
11.2 Acrylics
11.2.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.2.2 Practical concentrations
11.2.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.2.4 Mechanism of plasticizer action
11.2.5 Typical formulations
11.3 Bromobutyl rubber
11.3.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.3.2 Practical concentrations
11.3.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.3.4 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.4 Butyl terpolymer
11.4.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.4.2 Practical concentrations
11.5 Cellulose acetate
11.5.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.5.2 Practical concentrations
11.5.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.5.4 Mechanism of plasticizer action
11.5.5 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.6 Cellulose butyrate and propionate
11.6.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.6.2 Practical concentrations
11.6.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.6.4 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.7 Cellulose nitrate
11.7.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.7.2 Practical concentrations
11.7.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.7.4 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.7.5 Typical formulations
11.8 Chitosan
11.8.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.8.2 Practical concentrations
11.8.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.8.4 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.9 Chlorinated polyvinylchloride
11.9.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.9.2 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.10 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene
11.10.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.10.2 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.11 Copolymers
11.11.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.11.2 Practical concentrations
11.11.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.11.4 Mechanism of plasticizer action
11.12 Cyanoacrylates
11.12.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.12.2 Practical concentrations
11.12.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.12.4 Effect of plasticizer on polymer and other additives
11.13 Ethylcellulose
11.13.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.13.2 Practical concentrations
11.13.3 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.14 Epoxy resin
11.14.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.14.2 Practical concentrations
11.14.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.14.4 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.15 Ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer
11.15.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.15.2 Practical concentrations
11.15.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.15.4 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.15.5 Typical formulations
11.16 Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
11.17 Ionomers
11.17.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.17.2 Practical concentrations
11.17.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.17.4 Mechanism of plasticizer action
11.17.5 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.18 Nitrile rubber
11.18.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.18.2 Practical concentrations
11.18.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.18.4 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.18.5 Typical formulations
11.19 Perfluoropolymers
11.20 Polyacrylonitrile
11.20.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.20.2 Practical concentrations
11.20.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.20.4 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.21 Polyamide
11.21.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.21.2 Practical concentrations
11.21.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.21.4 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.22 Polyamine
11.23 Polyaniline
11.24 Polybutadiene
11.24.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.24.2 Practical concentrations
11.24.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.25 Polybutylene
11.25.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.25.2 Practical concentrations
11.25.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.26 Poly(butyl methacrylate)
11.26.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.26.2 Practical concentrations
11.26.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.27 Polycarbonate
11.27.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.27.2 Practical concentrations
11.27.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.27.4 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.28 Polyester
11.28.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.28.2 Practical concentrations
11.28.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.28.4 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.28.5 Typical formulations
11.29 Polyetherimide
11.30 Polyethylacrylate
11.31 Polyethylene
11.31.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.31.2 Practical concentrations
11.31.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.31.4 Mechanism of plasticizer action
11.31.5 Typical formulations
11.32 Poly(ethylene oxide)
11.32.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.32.2 Practical concentrations
11.32.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.32.4 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.33 Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
11.33.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.33.2 Practical concentrations
11.33.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.34 Polyisobutylene
11.35 Polyisoprene
11.35.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.35.2 Practical concentrations
11.35.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.35.4 Typical formulations
11.36 Polyimide
11.36.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.36.2 Practical concentrations
11.36.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.36.4 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.37 Polylactide
11.37.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.37.2 Practical concentrations
11.37.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.37.4 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.38 Polymethylmethacrylate
11.38.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.38.2 Practical concentrations
11.38.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.38.4 Mechanism of plasticizer action
11.38.5 Typical formulations
11.39 Polypropylene
11.39.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.39.2 Practical concentrations
11.39.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.39.4 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.40 Poly(propylene carbonate)
11.40.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.40.2 Practical concentrations
11.40.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.40.4 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.41 Poly(N-vinylcarbazole)
11.42 Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)
11.42.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.42.2 Practical concentrations
11.42.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.42.4 Mechanism of plasticizer action
11.42.5 Typical formulations
11.43 Poly(phenylene ether)
11.43.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.43.2 Practical concentrations
11.43.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.44 Poly(phenylene sulfide)
11.45 Polystyrene
11.45.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.45.2 Practical concentrations
11.45.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.46 Polysulfide
11.46.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.46.2 Practical concentrations
11.46.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.47 Polysulfone
11.48 Polyurethanes
11.48.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.48.2 Practical concentrations
11.48.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.48.4 Mechanism of plasticizers action
11.48.5 Effect of plasticizers on polymers and other additives
11.48.6 Typical formulations
11.49 Polyvinylacetate
11.49.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.49.2 Practical concentrations
11.49.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.49.4 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.50 Polyvinylalcohol
11.50.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.50.2 Practical concentrations
11.50.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.50.4 Mechanism of plasticizer action
11.50.5 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.50.6 Typical formulations
11.51 Polyvinylbutyral
11.51.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.51.2 Practical concentrations
11.51.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.51.4 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.52 Polyvinylchloride
11.52.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.52.2 Practical concentrations
11.52.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.52.4 Mechanism of plasticizer action
11.52.5 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.52.6 Typical formulations
11.53 Polyvinylfluoride
11.54 Polyvinylidenefluoride
11.54.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.54.2 Practical concentrations
11.54.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.54.4 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.55 Polyvinylidenechloride
11.56 Proteins
11.56.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.56.2 Practical concentrations
11.56.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.56.4 Mechanism of plasticizer action
11.56.5 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.57 Rubber, natural
11.57.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.57.2 Practical concentrations
11.57.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.57.4 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.57.5 Typical formulations
11.58 Silicone
11.58.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.58.2 Practical concentrations
11.58.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.58.4 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.58.5 Typical formulations
11.59 Styrene-butadiene rubber
11.59.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.59.2 Practical concentrations
11.59.3 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.59.4 Typical formulations
11.60 Styrene-butadiene-styrene rubber
11.60.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.60.2 Practical concentrations
11.60.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.60.4 Effect of plasticizer on polymer and other additives
11.61 Starch
11.61.1 Frequently used plasticizers
11.61.2 Practical concentrations
11.61.3 Main functions performed by plasticizers
11.61.4 Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives
11.61.5 Typical formulations

12 PLASTICIZERS IN POLYMER BLENDS
George Wypych
12.1 Plasticizer partition between component polymers
12.2 Interaction of plasticizers with blend components
12.3 Effect of plasticizers on blend properties
12.4 Blending to reduce or to replace plasticizers


13 PLASTICIZERS IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
George Wypych
13.1 Adhesives and sealants
13.1.1 Plasticizer types
13.1.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.1.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.1.4 Advantages and disadvantages of plasticizers use
13.1.5 Effect of plasticizers on product properties
13.1.6 Examples of formulations
13.2 Aerospace
13.3 Agriculture
13.4 Automotive
13.4.1 Plasticizer types
13.4.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.4.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.4.4 Advantages and disadvantages of plasticizers use
13.4.5 Effect of plasticizers on product properties
13.5 Cementitious materials
13.5.1 Plasticizer types
13.5.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.5.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.5.4 Advantages and disadvantages of plasticizers use
13.5.5 Effect of plasticizers on product properties
13.5.6 Examples of formulations
13.6 Coated fabrics
13.6.1 Plasticizer types
13.6.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.6.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.6.4 Advantages and disadvantages of plasticizers use
13.6.5 Effect of plasticizers on product properties
13.6.6 Examples of formulations
13.7 Composites
13.7.1 Plasticizer types
13.7.2 Plasticizer concentrations
13.7.3 Reasons for addition
13.7.4 Effect of plasticizers on product properties
13.8 Cosmetics
13.8.1 Plasticizer types
13.8.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.8.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.8.4 Advantages and disadvantages of plasticizers use
13.8.5 Effect of plasticizers on product properties
13.8.6 Examples of formulations
13.9 Cultural heritage
13.10 Dental materials
13.10.1 Plasticizer types
13.10.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.10.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.10.4 Advantages and disadvantages of plasticizers use
13.11 Electrical and electronics
13.11.1 Plasticizer types
13.11.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.11.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.11.4 Advantages and disadvantages of plasticizers use
13.11.5 Effect of plasticizers on product properties
13.12 Fibers
13.12.1 Plasticizer types
13.12.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.12.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.12.4 Effect of plasticizers on product properties
13.13 Film
13.13.1 Plasticizer types
13.13.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.13.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.13.4 Advantages and disadvantages of plasticizers use
13.13.5 Effect of plasticizers on product properties
13.14 Food
13.14.1 Plasticizer types
13.14.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.14.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.14.4 Advantages and disadvantages of plasticizers use
13.14.5 Effect of plasticizers on product properties
13.15 Flooring
13.15.1 Plasticizer types
13.15.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.15.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.15.4 Advantages and disadvantages of plasticizers use
13.15.5 Effect of plasticizers on product properties
13.15.6 Examples of formulations
13.16 Foams
13.16.1 Plasticizer types
13.16.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.16.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.16.4 Advantages and disadvantages of plasticizers use
13.16.5 Effect of plasticizers on product properties
13.16.6 Examples of formulations
13.17 Footwear
13.17.1 Plasticizer types
13.17.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.17.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.17.4 Advantages and disadvantages of plasticizers use
13.17.5 Example of formulation
13.18 Fuel cells
13.18.1 Plasticizer types
13.18.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.18.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.19 Gaskets
13.19.1 Plasticizer types
13.19.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.19.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.19.4 Advantages and disadvantages of plasticizers use
13.19.5 Examples of formulations
13.20 Household products
13.21 Inks, varnishes, and lacquers
13.21.1 Plasticizer types
13.21.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.21.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.21.4 Advantages and disadvantages of plasticizers use
13.21.5 Effect of plasticizers on product properties
13.21.6 Examples of formulations
13.22 Medical applications
13.22.1 Plasticizer types
13.22.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.22.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.22.4 Advantages and disadvantages of plasticizers use
13.22.5 Effect of plasticizers on product properties
13.22.6 Examples of formulations
13.23 Membranes
13.23.1 Plasticizer types
13.23.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.23.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.23.4 Advantages and disadvantages of plasticizers use
13.24 Microspheres
13.24.1 Plasticizer types
13.24.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.24.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.25 Paints and coatings
13.25.1 Plasticizer types
13.25.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.25.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.25.4 Advantages and disadvantages of plasticizers use
13.25.5 Effect of plasticizers on product properties
13.25.6 Examples of formulations
13.26 Pharmaceutical products
13.26.1 Plasticizer types
13.26.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.26.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.26.4 Advantages and disadvantages of plasticizers use
13.26.5 Effect of plasticizers on product properties
13.26.6 Examples of formulations
13.27 Photographic materials
13.27.1 Plasticizer types
13.27.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.27.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.27.4 Effect of plasticizers on product properties
13.28 Pipes
13.28.1 Plasticizer types
13.28.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.28.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.28.4 Advantages and disadvantages of plasticizers use
13.28.5 Effect of plasticizers on product properties
13.28.6 Examples of formulations
13.29 Roofing materials
13.29.1 Plasticizer types
13.29.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.29.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.29.4 Advantages and disadvantages of plasticizers use
13.29.5 Effect of plasticizers on product properties
13.29.6 Examples of formulations
13.30 Tires
13.30.1 Plasticizer types
13.30.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.30.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.30.4 Advantages and disadvantages of plasticizers use
13.30.5 Effect of plasticizers on product properties
13.30.6 Examples of formulations
13.31 Toys
13.31.1 Plasticizer types
13.31.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.31.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.31.4 Effect of plasticizers on product properties
13.32 Tubing
13.32.1 Plasticizer types
13.32.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.32.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.32.4 Advantages and disadvantages of plasticizers use
13.32.5 Effect of plasticizers on product properties
13.32.6 Examples of formulations
13.33 Wire and cable
13.33.1 Plasticizer types
13.33.2 Plasticizer concentration
13.33.3 Reasons for plasticizer use
13.33.4 Advantages and disadvantages of plasticizers use
13.33.5 Effect of plasticizers on product properties
13.33.6 Examples of formulations

14 PLASTICIZERS IN VARIOUS PROCESSING METHODS
George Wypych
14.1 Blow molding
14.2 Calendering
14.3 Coil coating
14.4 Compression molding
14.5 Compounding (mixing)
14.6 Dip coating
14.7 Dry blending
14.8 Extrusion
14.9 Injection molding
14.10 Polymer synthesis
14.11 Rotational molding
14.12 Rubber processing
14.13 Thermoforming
14.14 Web coating
14.15 Wire coating

15 SPECIALIZED ANALYTICAL METHODS IN PLASTICIZER TESTING
George Wypych
15.1 Plasticizer identification
15.2 Methods of determination of plasticizer concentration
15.3 Determination of volatility, molecular motion, diffusion, and migration
15.4 Methods of study of plasticized materials

16 MATHEMATICAL MODELING IN APPLICATION TO PLASTICIZERS
George Wypych
16.1 PVC-plasticizer interaction model
16.2 Gas permeation
16.3 Migration
16.4 Dry-blending time
16.5 Gelation and fusion
16.6 Thermal decomposition
16.7 Potential health risk of exposure to DEHP from glove

17 HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES WITH PLASTICIZERS AND PLASTICIZED
MATERIALS
17.1 Adjuvant effect of plasticizers
Søren Thor Larsen
17.1.1 Introduction
17.1.2 Airway allergy
17.1.3 Adjuvant effect
17.1.4 Adjuvant effect of phthalate plasticizers
17.1.4.1 Epidemiological studies
17.1.4.2 In vivo (animal) studies
17.1.5 Conclusions
17.2 The rodent hepatocarcinogenic response to phthalate plasticizers
: basic biology and human extrapolation
Abigail L Walker and Ruth A Roberts
17.2.1 Introduction
17.2.2 Gene expression and cancer toxicology
17.2.2.1 Gene expression
17.2.2.2 Cancer biology: some basic considerations
17.2.2.3 Developing areas of interest in hepatocarcinogenesis
17.2.2.4 Chemical carcinogenesis
17.2.3 Peroxisome proliferators and rodent nongenotoxic
hepatocarcinogenesis
17.2.3.1 The peroxisome proliferators
17.2.3.2 PPAR
17.2.4 Species differences in response to peroxisome proliferators
17.2.5 Chemical regulation
17.2.5.1 Challenges in alternative models
17.2.6 Summary
17.3 The influence of maternal nutrition on phthalate teratogenicity
Janet Y. Uriu-Adams1 and Carl L. Keen
17.3.1 Introduction
17.3.2 Reproductive toxicity of BBP and DEHP
17.3.3 Acute phase response-induced alterations in maternal
17.3.4 Concluding comments
17.3.5 Recent findings
17.3.6 Acknowledgments
17.4 Public health implications of phthalates: A review of U.S. actions
to protect those most vulnerable
Stephanie R. Miles-Richardson and Dhara Richardson
17.4.1 Introduction
17.4.2 Implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on phthalate exposure
17.4.3 The U.S. response to phthalate exposure
17.4.3 Some U.S. State-level actions
17.4.4 2008 Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act
17.4.5 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) petition, lawsuit, and final ruling
17.4.6 Preventing Harmful Exposure to Phthalates Act 117th Congress
(2021-2022)
17.4.7 Other U.S. Federal Agencies
17.4.8 Conclusion
17.5 Plasticizers in the indoor environment
Werner Butte
17.5.1 Introduction
17.5.2 Sources of indoor plasticizers
17.5.3 Occurrence of plasticizers indoors
17.5.3.1 Indoor air
17.5.3.2 House dust
17.5.4 Impact of plasticizers in the indoor environment
17.5.4.1 Indoor plasticizers and health
17.5.4.2 Human exposure assessment for plasticizers in the indoor
environment
17.5.4.3 Reference and guideline values of plasticizers to assess indoor
quality
17.5.5 Summary

18 THE ENVIRONMENTAL FATE OF PLASTICIZERS
William R. Roy
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Releases to the environment
18.1.2 Levels in the environment
18.2 Plasticizers in water
18.2.1 Solubility
18.2.2 Volatilization from water.
18.2.3 Abiotic degradation in water
18.2.4 Biodegradation in water
18.2.5 Adsorption from water
18.3 Soil and sediment
18.3.1 Volatilization
18.3.2 Biodegradation in soil
18.4 Organisms
18.5 Air
Summary and concluding remarks

19 REGULATIONS AND DATA
George Wypych
19.1 Toxic substance control
19.2. Carcinogenic effect
19.3 Teratogenic and mutagenic effect
19.4 Workplace exposure limits
19.5 Exposure from consumer products
19.6 Plasticizers in drinking water
19.7 Food regulatory acts
19.8 Medical and other applications


20 PERSONAL PROTECTION
George Wypych
20.1 Clothing
20.2 Gloves
20.3 Eye protection
20.4 Respiratory protection

21 PLASTICIZER RECOVERY & RECYCLING
George Wypych

INDEX

 

George Wypych has PhD Eng. The professional expertise includes university teaching (full professor) and research & development (university and corporate). He has published 48 books (PVC Plastisols, Wroclaw University Press; Polyvinylchloride Degradation, Elsevier; Polyvinylchloride Stabilization, Elsevier; Polymer Modified Textile Materials, Wiley & Sons; Handbook of Material Weathering, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th Edition, ChemTec Publishing; Handbook of Fillers, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Edition, ChemTec Publishing; Recycling of PVC, ChemTec Publishing; Weathering of Plastics. Testing to Mirror Real Life Performance, Plastics Design Library, Handbook of Solvents, Vol. 1. Properties 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Solvents, Vol. 2. Health & Environment 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Plasticizers, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Antistatics, 1st and 2nd Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Antistatics, 1st and 2nd Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Antiblocking, Release and Slip Additives, 1st , 2nd and 3rd Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Industrial Solvents in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (two editions), John Wiley & Sons, PVC Degradation & Stabilization, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Editions, ChemTec Publishing, The PVC Formulary, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Material Biodegradation, Biodeterioration, and Biostabilization, 1st and 2nd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of UV Degradation and Stabilization, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Polymers, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Atlas of Material Damage, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Odors in Plastic Materials, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Editions, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Solvents (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Blowing and Auxiliary Agents, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Foaming and Blowing Agents (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Green Solvents, ChemTec Publishing (two editions), Self-healing Products (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Adhesion Promoters (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Surface Modification Additives (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Surface Improvement and Modification (two editions), ChemTec Publishing, Graphene – Important Results and Applications, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Curatives and Crosslinkers, ChemTec Publishing, Chain Mobility and Progress in Medicine, Pharmaceutical, Polymer Science and Technology, Impact of Award, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Antioxidants, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Antioxidants, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of UV Stabilizers (two Editions), ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Flame Retardants, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Nucleating Agents, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Flame Retardants, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Nucleating Agents, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Polymers in Electronics, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Impact Modifiers, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Rheological Additives, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Impact Modifiers, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Rheological Additives, ChemTec Publishing, Databook of Polymer Processing Additives, ChemTec Publishing, Handbook of Polymer Processing Additives, ChemTec Publishing, Functional Fillers (two editions), 2 databases (Solvents Database, 1st, 2nd, 3rd Edition and Database of Antistatics 1st and 2nd Edition, both by ChemTec Publishing), and 42 scientific papers and obtained 16 patents. He specializes in PVC, polymer additives, material durability, and the development of sealants and coatings. He was included in the Dictionary of International Biography, Who's Who in Plastics and Polymers, and Who's Who in Engineering, and was selected International Man of the Year 1996-1997 in recognition of services to education.