Hermeticity of Electronic Packages, 2nd Edition

Author: Hal Greenhouse
ISBN 978-1-4377-7877-9

360 pages

$199.00

Summary
Table of Contents

This is a book about the integrity of sealed packages to resist foreign gases and liquids penetrating the seal or an opening (crack) in the package especially critical to the reliability and longevity of electronics. The author explains how to predict the reliability and the longevity of the packages based on leak rate measurements and the assumptions of impurities. Non-specialists, in particular, will benefit from the author's long involvement in the technology. Hermeticity is a subject that demands practical experience, and solving one problem does not necessarily give one the background to solve another. Thus, the book provides a ready reference to help deal with day to day issues as they arise.

The book gathers in a single volume a great many issues previously available only in journalsùor only in the experience of working engineers. How to define the ";";goodness";"; of a seal? How is that seal measured? How does the integrity of the seal affect circuit reliability? What is the significance of the measured integrity of the seal? What are the relationship of Residual Gas Analysis and the seal integrity? The handbook answers these questions and more, providing an analysis of nearly 100 problems representative of the wide variety of challenges that actually occur in the industry today.

1. Gas Kinetics
1.0 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
1.1 Boyle's Law
1.2 Charles's Law (1787) or Gay-Lussac's Law (1802)
1.3 Dalton's Law (1801)
1.4 Avogadro's Law (1811)
1.5 Avogadro's Number
1.6 Loschmidt's Number
2.0 MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIPS
3.0 PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
2. Viscous and Molecular Conductance of Gases
1.0 CONDUCTION OF GASES
2.0 VISCOUS CONDUCTION
3.0 MOLECULAR CONDUCTION
4.0 CONDUCTION IN THE TRANSITIONAL RANGE
5.0 COMPOSITE CONDUCTANCE EQUATIONS
6.0 SMALLEST THEORETICAL LEAK
7.0 DISCUSSION
8.0 PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
3. The Flow of Gases
1.0 GENERAL FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
2.0 MEASURED, STANDARD AND TRUE LEAK RATES
3.0 LEAK RATES FOR DIFFERENT GASES
4.0 CHANGE OF PARTIAL PRESSURE WITH TIME
5.0 VISCOUS FLOW FROM SEALED PACKAGES
6.0 VISCOUS FLOW RATES OF DIFFERENT GASES
7.0 PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
4. The Flow of Gases into Sealed Packages
1.0 MOLECULAR FLOW
2.0 VISCOUS FLOW INTO AND OUT OF SEALED PACKAGES
3.0 THE SIMULTANEOUS FLOW OF GASES IN BOTH DIRECTIONS
4.0 PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
5. Water in Sealed Packages
1.0 WATER RELATED CORROSION AND CIRCUIT FAILURES
2.0 WATER LEAKING INTO A SEALED PACKAGE FROM THE OUTSIDE ENVIRONMENT
3.0 WATER OUTGASSING INSIDE THE PACKAGE
4.0 WATER AS A RESULT OF A CHEMICAL REACTION WITHIN THE PACKAGE
5.0 PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
6. Understanding Helium Fine Leak Testing in Accordance with Method 1014, MIL-STD-883
1.0 PURPOSE OF THE TEST
2.0 BASIS OF THE TEST
3.0 FIXED METHOD OF TESTING
4.0 FLEXIBLE METHOD OF TESTING
5.0 COMPARISON OF THE FIXED AND FLEXIBLE METHODS
6.0 THE EFFECT OF VISCOUS FLOW
7.0 LEAK RATE LIMITS ARE TOO LENIENT
8.0 BACKFILLING THE PACKAGE WITH HELIUM
9.0 BOMBING AFTER BACKFILLING
10.0 PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
7. Fine Leak Measurements Using a Helium Leak Detector
1.0 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
2.0 DEFINITIONS
3.0 CALIBRATION USING A STANDARD LEAK
4.0 MEASUREMENT ERRORS, NOT INCLUDING BACKGROUND ERRORS
5.0 BACKGROUND ERRORS
6.0 ERRORS DUE TO HELIUM ON THE EXTERNAL SURFACE OF THE PACKAGE
7.0 MINIMUM DETECTABLE LEAK (MDL)
8.0 CORRELATION OF STANDARD LEAKS
9.0 LOCATING LEAKS IN PACKAGES
10.0 PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
8. Gross Leaks
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 FORCING A LIQUID INTO A PACKAGE
3.0 FLUOROCARBON VAPOR EXITING A PACKAGE
4.0 THE BUBBLE TEST
5.0 THE VAPOR DETECTION TEST
6.0 THE WEIGHT GAIN TEST
7.0 OPTICAL LEAK TEST
8.0 PENETRANT DYE TEST
9.0 FLUOROCARBONS FROM A RESIDUAL GAS ANALYSIS
10.0 QUANTITATIVE COMPARISON OF GROSS LEAK TEST METHODS
11.0 PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
9. The Permeation of Gases Through Solids
1.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PERMEATION PROCESS
2.0 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON PERMEATION
3.0 TREATING PERMEATION AS A LEAK RATE
4.0 WATER VAPOR PASSING THROUGH PLASTICS
5.0 PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
10 Residual Gas Analysis (RGA)
1.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE TEST
2.0 WHAT THE TEST MEASURES
3.0 CALCULATION OF LEAK RATES FROM RGA DATA
4.0 INTERPRETATION OF RGA DATA
5.0 THE QUALIFICATION OF SMALL PACKAGES USING RGA
6.0 PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
Appendix
1.0 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND DIMENSIONS
2.0 DIMENSIONS
3.0 CONVERSION FACTORS FOR PRESSURE/VACUUM
Acknowledgment
Index

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Applied Plastics Engin...

$265.00

{"id":11242218436,"title":"Applied Plastics Engineering Handbook - Processing and Materials","handle":"978-1-4377-3514-7","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: Myer Kutz \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-4377-3514-7 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e574 pages, 1st. Edition\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThe expert contributors to this new handbook demystify new technologies and materials and present the fundamentals of plastics engineering for optimal engineering and business decisions.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eKey Features\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e• Practical introductions to both core topics and new developments make this work equally valuable for newly qualified plastics engineers seeking the practical rules-of-thumb they don’t teach you in school, and experienced practitioners evaluating new technologies or getting up to speed on a new field.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe depth and detail of the coverage of new developments enable engineers and managers to gain knowledge of, and evaluate, new technologies and materials in key growth areas such as biomaterials and nanotechnology.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThis highly practical handbook is set apart from other references in the field, is written by engineers for an audience of engineers and providing a wealth of real-world examples, best practice guidance, and rules-of-thumb.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cb\u003eQuotes\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAn authoritative source of practical advice for engineers, providing authoritative guidance from experts that will lead to cost savings and process improvements. Throughout the book, the focus is on the engineering aspects of producing and using plastics. The properties of plastics are explained along with techniques for testing, measuring, enhancing and analyzing them. Materials and additives are described as well as their characteristics and effects. The technologies and machinery used in processing operations are covered with reference to product design. And recent developments in a cross-section of applications demonstrate in a pragmatic way, the opportunities as well as the limitations of plastics.\"--Biospace.com\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\nPart I Plastics Engineering: Basic Fundamentals (7 chapters)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIntroduction to Plastics Engineering (sections 1-4 and 6-8 of old Chapter 22, The Plastics Industry)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eElectrical Properties\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMechanical Properties\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTesting of Plastics\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTesting and Instrumental Analysis for the plastics processing industry: key technologies\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePlastics Processing (sections 5 of old Chapter 22, The Plastics Industry)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAdditives for Plastics\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePart II Plastics Engineering: New Developments\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePlastics Materials (9 chapters)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eEngineering Thermoplastics\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThermoplastic Elastomers and Their Applications\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThermoset Elastomers\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFluoropolymers\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eNanocomposites: preparation, structure, properties\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePolyolefins\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePolyvinyl Chloride (PVC)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBiodegradable Plastics\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePolymeric Biomaterials\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAdditives (7 chapters)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAdhesion Promotion\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eCoatings and Colorant Processing Fundamentals (two chapters combined)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDispersants and Coupling Agents\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFunctional Fillers for Plastics\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFlame Retardants\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePlasticizers\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePolymer Stabilization\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eProcesses (11 chapters)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBlow Molding\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eChaotic advection and its application for forming structured plastic materials\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eChemical Mechanical Polishing: Role of Polymeric Additives and Composite Materials\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eCompression Molding\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eExtrusion\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eInjection Molding\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMicrocellular Processing\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRotational Molding\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThermoforming\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eProcess Monitoring \u0026amp; Control\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRecycling of Plastics\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eApplications (6 chapters)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDesign of Plastic Parts\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePlastics in Building and Construction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFiber Reinforced Polymer Composites Applications\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePlastic Piping Materials\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePolyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottles\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTissue Engineering Scaffolds Fabrication\n\u003ch5\u003eAbout Author\u003c\/h5\u003e\nEdited by Myer Kutz, Myer Kutz Associates. Inc., Delmar, NY, USA\u003c\/li\u003e","published_at":"2017-06-22T21:13:36-04:00","created_at":"2017-06-22T21:13:36-04:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2011","additives","applications","biomaterials","book","material","plastics","recycling","testing"],"price":26500,"price_min":26500,"price_max":26500,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":43378362180,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Applied Plastics Engineering Handbook - Processing and Materials","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":26500,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-1-4377-3514-7","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[]}],"images":["\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-4377-3514-7.jpg?v=1498190758"],"featured_image":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-4377-3514-7.jpg?v=1498190758","options":["Title"],"media":[{"alt":null,"id":350156128349,"position":1,"preview_image":{"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"width":345,"src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-4377-3514-7.jpg?v=1498190758"},"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"media_type":"image","src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-4377-3514-7.jpg?v=1498190758","width":345}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: Myer Kutz \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-4377-3514-7 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e574 pages, 1st. Edition\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThe expert contributors to this new handbook demystify new technologies and materials and present the fundamentals of plastics engineering for optimal engineering and business decisions.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eKey Features\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e• Practical introductions to both core topics and new developments make this work equally valuable for newly qualified plastics engineers seeking the practical rules-of-thumb they don’t teach you in school, and experienced practitioners evaluating new technologies or getting up to speed on a new field.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe depth and detail of the coverage of new developments enable engineers and managers to gain knowledge of, and evaluate, new technologies and materials in key growth areas such as biomaterials and nanotechnology.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThis highly practical handbook is set apart from other references in the field, is written by engineers for an audience of engineers and providing a wealth of real-world examples, best practice guidance, and rules-of-thumb.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cb\u003eQuotes\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAn authoritative source of practical advice for engineers, providing authoritative guidance from experts that will lead to cost savings and process improvements. Throughout the book, the focus is on the engineering aspects of producing and using plastics. The properties of plastics are explained along with techniques for testing, measuring, enhancing and analyzing them. Materials and additives are described as well as their characteristics and effects. The technologies and machinery used in processing operations are covered with reference to product design. And recent developments in a cross-section of applications demonstrate in a pragmatic way, the opportunities as well as the limitations of plastics.\"--Biospace.com\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\nPart I Plastics Engineering: Basic Fundamentals (7 chapters)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIntroduction to Plastics Engineering (sections 1-4 and 6-8 of old Chapter 22, The Plastics Industry)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eElectrical Properties\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMechanical Properties\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTesting of Plastics\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTesting and Instrumental Analysis for the plastics processing industry: key technologies\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePlastics Processing (sections 5 of old Chapter 22, The Plastics Industry)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAdditives for Plastics\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePart II Plastics Engineering: New Developments\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePlastics Materials (9 chapters)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eEngineering Thermoplastics\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThermoplastic Elastomers and Their Applications\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThermoset Elastomers\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFluoropolymers\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eNanocomposites: preparation, structure, properties\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePolyolefins\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePolyvinyl Chloride (PVC)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBiodegradable Plastics\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePolymeric Biomaterials\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAdditives (7 chapters)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAdhesion Promotion\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eCoatings and Colorant Processing Fundamentals (two chapters combined)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDispersants and Coupling Agents\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFunctional Fillers for Plastics\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFlame Retardants\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePlasticizers\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePolymer Stabilization\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eProcesses (11 chapters)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBlow Molding\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eChaotic advection and its application for forming structured plastic materials\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eChemical Mechanical Polishing: Role of Polymeric Additives and Composite Materials\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eCompression Molding\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eExtrusion\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eInjection Molding\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMicrocellular Processing\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRotational Molding\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThermoforming\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eProcess Monitoring \u0026amp; Control\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRecycling of Plastics\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eApplications (6 chapters)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDesign of Plastic Parts\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePlastics in Building and Construction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFiber Reinforced Polymer Composites Applications\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePlastic Piping Materials\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePolyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottles\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTissue Engineering Scaffolds Fabrication\n\u003ch5\u003eAbout Author\u003c\/h5\u003e\nEdited by Myer Kutz, Myer Kutz Associates. Inc., Delmar, NY, USA\u003c\/li\u003e"}

Atlas of Material Damage

$325.00

{"id":11242221572,"title":"Atlas of Material Damage","handle":"978-1-895198-48-5","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: George Wypych \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-895198-48-5 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFirst Edition\u003cbr\u003ePages 310 \u003cbr\u003eChapter 7\u003cbr\u003eHardcover\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAtlas of Material Damage has 464 microscopic pictures, schematic diagrams, and a few graphs, which show how materials fail, how they are produced to not fail, and how they are designed to perform particular functions to make outstanding products. Findings presented by each illustration are fully explained in the text and labeled. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn the near past, products were distinguished by their formulations, which constituted highly guarded commercial secrets and know-how. Today, this is not enough. MATERIALS, TO COMPETE, must have optimal structure and specially designed morphology. This book gives numerous examples of how this special morphology can be achieved in electronics, the plastics industry, the pharmaceutical industry, aerospace, automotive applications, medicine, dentistry, and many other fields (see full list at the end). \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIt is pertinent from the above that methods described by one branch of industry can be adapted by others. For example, a technology that powers the slow or targeted release of pharmaceutical products can be used successfully to prevent premature loss of vital additives from plastics. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eProduct reliability is the major aim of technological know-how. Uninterrupted performance of manufactured products at both typical and extreme conditions of their use is the major goal of product development and the most important indicator of material quality. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis book provides information on defects formation, material damage, and the structure of materials that must perform designed functions. The following aspects of material performance are discussed:\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e1 Effect of composition, morphological features, and structure of different materials on material performance, durability, and resilience\u003cbr\u003e2 Analysis of causes of material damage and degradation\u003cbr\u003e3 Effect of processing conditions on material damage\u003cbr\u003e4 Effect of singular and combined action of different degradants on industrial products\u003cbr\u003e5 Systematic analysis of existing knowledge regarding the modes of damage and morphology of damaged material\u003cbr\u003e6 Technological steps required to obtain specifically designed morphology required for specific performance \u003cbr\u003e7 Comparison of experiences generated in different sectors of industry regarding the most frequently encountered failures, reasons for these failures, and potential improvements preventing future damage\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe above information is based on the most recent publications. Only 3% of sources were published before 2000 and about 65% appeared in 2009-2012. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe name “Atlas” was selected to indicate the emphasis of the book on illustrations, with many real examples of damaged products and discussion of the causes of damage and potential for material improvements. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis book should be owned and frequently consulted by engineers and researchers in: adhesives and sealants, aerospace, appliances, automotive, biotechnology, coil coating, composites, construction, dental materials, electronics industry, fibers, foams, food, laminates, lumber and wood products, medical, office equipment, optical materials, organics, metal industry, packaging (bottles and film), paints and coatings, pharmaceuticals, polymers, rubber, and plastics, printing, pulp and paper, ship building and repair, stone, textile industry, windows and doors, wires and cables. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eProfessors and students in the above subjects will require this book for a complete survey of modern technology. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePreface\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn 1981, Carl Hanser Verlag published An Atlas of Polymer Damage by Lothar Engel, Hermann Klingele, Gottfried Ehrenstein, and Helmut Schaper. This unique publication became my favorite book, which I have frequently consulted throughout the last thirty years. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eUsing it I have learned that there are very many applications of this knowledge, such as:\u003cbr\u003e• Materials can be made stronger and more durable with little or no cost by proper use of morphological structure\u003cbr\u003e• In many cases, polymer additives could be eliminated \u003cbr\u003e• Their useful life in product can be extended\u003cbr\u003e• Material damage can be avoided \u003cbr\u003eThese and other findings are discussed in this book, which is meant to be easy to read because it is composed of hundreds of pictures and mechanisms of performance, with a little text just to explain what can be learned from the illustrations. Its description is as close to the observations of the original authors as permitted by the integrity of narration since they have the privilege of knowing more because they have seen the information within a broader scope of their research.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eI hope this book will have many readers because it opens so many unexploited possibilities to make what we use today much better. Many recently introduced products use these principles. Also, a great deal of research concentrates on using specially developed structural features for the betterment of properties of their materials. Many excellent products of today cannot be made without the application of the knowledge discussed in this book.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eUsers of the book will find that most of the research included was done between 2009 and today, which underlines the value of these findings, considering that many problems of the past are no longer important today because they were not only solved but already implemented in product manufacture.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMy goal was to produce a book which can add value to the previously published volume since so many things have changed in the last thirty years. This book has no boundaries of application because it is clear from the analysis of a large number of research projects that structural knowledge and practical ideas are useful in very different applications. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n1 Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e2 Material composition, structure, and morphological features\u003cbr\u003e2.1 Materials having predominantly homogeneous structure and composition \u003cbr\u003e2.2 Heterogeneous materials \u003cbr\u003e2.2.1 Crystalline forms and amorphous regions \u003cbr\u003e2.2.2 Materials containing insoluble additives \u003cbr\u003e2.2.3 Materials containing immiscible phases \u003cbr\u003e2.2.4 Composites \u003cbr\u003e2.2.5 Multi-component layered materials \u003cbr\u003e2.2.6 Foams, porosity \u003cbr\u003e2.2.7 Compressed solids \u003cbr\u003e2.3 Material surface versus bulk \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e3 Effect of processing on material structure \u003cbr\u003e3.1 Temperature \u003cbr\u003e3.2 Pressure \u003cbr\u003e3.3 Time\u003cbr\u003e3.4 Viscosity \u003cbr\u003e3.5 Flow rate (shear rate) \u003cbr\u003e3.6 Deformation \u003cbr\u003e3.7 Orientation \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e4 Scale of damage â€“ basic concept \u003cbr\u003e4.1 Atomic \u003cbr\u003e4.2 Microscale \u003cbr\u003e4.3 Macroscale \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e5 Microscopic mechanisms of damage caused by degradants \u003cbr\u003e5.1 Bulk (mechanical forces) \u003cbr\u003e5.1.1 Elastic-brittle fracture \u003cbr\u003e5.1.2 Elastic-plastic deformation \u003cbr\u003e5.1.3 Time-related damage \u003cbr\u003e5.1.3.1 Fatigue \u003cbr\u003e5.1.3.2 Creep \u003cbr\u003e5.1.4 Impact damage \u003cbr\u003e5.1.5 Shear fracture \u003cbr\u003e5.16 Compression set \u003cbr\u003e5.1.7 Bending forces \u003cbr\u003e5.1.8 Anisotropic damage \u003cbr\u003e5.2 Electric forces \u003cbr\u003e5.2.1 Tracking \u003cbr\u003e5.2.2 Arcing \u003cbr\u003e5.2.3 Drying out in batteries \u003cbr\u003e5.2.4 Pin-holes \u003cbr\u003e5.2.5 Cracks\u003cbr\u003e5.2.6 Delamination \u003cbr\u003e5.3 Surface-initiated damage \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1 Physical forces \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.1 Thermal treatment \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.1.1 Process heat \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.1.2 Conditions of performance \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.1.3 Infrared \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.1.4 Frictional heat \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.1.5 Low-temperature effects \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.1.6 Thermal stresses \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.2 Radiation \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.2.1 Alpha and beta rays \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.2.2 Gamma rays \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.2.3 Laser beam \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.2.4 Cosmic rays \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.2.5 Plasma \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.3 Weathering \u003cbr\u003e5.3.2 Mechanical action \u003cbr\u003e5.3.2.1 Scratching \u003cbr\u003e5.3.2.2 Impact \u003cbr\u003e5.3.2.3 Adhesive failure, sliding, rolling \u003cbr\u003e5.3.3 Chemical reactions \u003cbr\u003e5.3.3.1 Molecular oxygen \u003cbr\u003e5.3.3.2 Ozone \u003cbr\u003e5.3.3.3 Atomic oxygen \u003cbr\u003e5.3.3.4 Sulfur dioxide \u003cbr\u003e5.3.3.5 Particulate matter \u003cbr\u003e5.3.3.6 Other gaseous pollutants \u003cbr\u003e5.4 Combination of degrading elements \u003cbr\u003e5.4.1 Environmental stress cracking \u003cbr\u003e5.4.2 Biodegradation and biodeterioration \u003cbr\u003e5.4.3 Effect of body fluids \u003cbr\u003e5.4.4 Controlledâ€“release substances in pharmaceutical applications \u003cbr\u003e5.4.5 Corrosion\n\u003ch5\u003eAbout Author\u003c\/h5\u003e\nGeorge Wypych has a Ph. D. in chemical engineering. His professional expertise includes both university teaching (full professor) and research \u0026amp; development. He has published 17 books: PVC Plastisols, (University Press); Polyvinylchloride Degradation, (Elsevier); Polyvinylchloride Stabilization, (Elsevier); Polymer Modified Textile Materials, (Wiley \u0026amp; Sons); Handbook of Material Weathering, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Editions, (ChemTec Publishing); Handbook of Fillers, 1st, 2nd and 3rd Editions, (ChemTec Publishing); Recycling of PVC, (ChemTec Publishing); Weathering of Plastics. Testing to Mirror Real Life Performance, (Plastics Design Library), Handbook of Solvents, Handbook of Plasticizers, Handbook of Antistatics, Handbook of Antiblocking, Release, and Slip Additives (1st and 2nd Editions), PVC Degradation \u0026amp; Stabilization, PVC Formulary, Handbook of UV Degradation and Stabilization, Handbook of Biodeterioration, Biodegradation and Biostabilization, and Handbook of Polymers (all by ChemTec Publishing), 47 scientific papers, and he has obtained 16 patents. He specializes in polymer additives, polymer processing and formulation, material durability, and the development of sealants and coatings. He is included in the Dictionary of International Biography, Who's Who in Plastics and Polymers, Who's Who in Engineering, and was selected International Man of the Year 1996-1997 in recognition for his services to education.","published_at":"2017-06-22T21:13:47-04:00","created_at":"2017-06-22T21:13:47-04:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2012","analysis","biodegradation","book","chemical reactions","cracks","deformation","degradation","demage","humidity","material","mechanical action","methods of analysis","morphology of damaged material","physical forces","polymers","processing and degradation","thermal","weathering"],"price":32500,"price_min":32500,"price_max":32500,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":43378374596,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Atlas of Material Damage","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":32500,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-1-895198-48-5","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[]}],"images":["\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-895198-48-5.jpg?v=1498191053"],"featured_image":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-895198-48-5.jpg?v=1498191053","options":["Title"],"media":[{"alt":null,"id":350156750941,"position":1,"preview_image":{"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"width":345,"src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-895198-48-5.jpg?v=1498191053"},"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"media_type":"image","src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-895198-48-5.jpg?v=1498191053","width":345}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: George Wypych \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-895198-48-5 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFirst Edition\u003cbr\u003ePages 310 \u003cbr\u003eChapter 7\u003cbr\u003eHardcover\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAtlas of Material Damage has 464 microscopic pictures, schematic diagrams, and a few graphs, which show how materials fail, how they are produced to not fail, and how they are designed to perform particular functions to make outstanding products. Findings presented by each illustration are fully explained in the text and labeled. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn the near past, products were distinguished by their formulations, which constituted highly guarded commercial secrets and know-how. Today, this is not enough. MATERIALS, TO COMPETE, must have optimal structure and specially designed morphology. This book gives numerous examples of how this special morphology can be achieved in electronics, the plastics industry, the pharmaceutical industry, aerospace, automotive applications, medicine, dentistry, and many other fields (see full list at the end). \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIt is pertinent from the above that methods described by one branch of industry can be adapted by others. For example, a technology that powers the slow or targeted release of pharmaceutical products can be used successfully to prevent premature loss of vital additives from plastics. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eProduct reliability is the major aim of technological know-how. Uninterrupted performance of manufactured products at both typical and extreme conditions of their use is the major goal of product development and the most important indicator of material quality. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis book provides information on defects formation, material damage, and the structure of materials that must perform designed functions. The following aspects of material performance are discussed:\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e1 Effect of composition, morphological features, and structure of different materials on material performance, durability, and resilience\u003cbr\u003e2 Analysis of causes of material damage and degradation\u003cbr\u003e3 Effect of processing conditions on material damage\u003cbr\u003e4 Effect of singular and combined action of different degradants on industrial products\u003cbr\u003e5 Systematic analysis of existing knowledge regarding the modes of damage and morphology of damaged material\u003cbr\u003e6 Technological steps required to obtain specifically designed morphology required for specific performance \u003cbr\u003e7 Comparison of experiences generated in different sectors of industry regarding the most frequently encountered failures, reasons for these failures, and potential improvements preventing future damage\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe above information is based on the most recent publications. Only 3% of sources were published before 2000 and about 65% appeared in 2009-2012. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe name “Atlas” was selected to indicate the emphasis of the book on illustrations, with many real examples of damaged products and discussion of the causes of damage and potential for material improvements. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis book should be owned and frequently consulted by engineers and researchers in: adhesives and sealants, aerospace, appliances, automotive, biotechnology, coil coating, composites, construction, dental materials, electronics industry, fibers, foams, food, laminates, lumber and wood products, medical, office equipment, optical materials, organics, metal industry, packaging (bottles and film), paints and coatings, pharmaceuticals, polymers, rubber, and plastics, printing, pulp and paper, ship building and repair, stone, textile industry, windows and doors, wires and cables. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eProfessors and students in the above subjects will require this book for a complete survey of modern technology. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePreface\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn 1981, Carl Hanser Verlag published An Atlas of Polymer Damage by Lothar Engel, Hermann Klingele, Gottfried Ehrenstein, and Helmut Schaper. This unique publication became my favorite book, which I have frequently consulted throughout the last thirty years. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eUsing it I have learned that there are very many applications of this knowledge, such as:\u003cbr\u003e• Materials can be made stronger and more durable with little or no cost by proper use of morphological structure\u003cbr\u003e• In many cases, polymer additives could be eliminated \u003cbr\u003e• Their useful life in product can be extended\u003cbr\u003e• Material damage can be avoided \u003cbr\u003eThese and other findings are discussed in this book, which is meant to be easy to read because it is composed of hundreds of pictures and mechanisms of performance, with a little text just to explain what can be learned from the illustrations. Its description is as close to the observations of the original authors as permitted by the integrity of narration since they have the privilege of knowing more because they have seen the information within a broader scope of their research.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eI hope this book will have many readers because it opens so many unexploited possibilities to make what we use today much better. Many recently introduced products use these principles. Also, a great deal of research concentrates on using specially developed structural features for the betterment of properties of their materials. Many excellent products of today cannot be made without the application of the knowledge discussed in this book.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eUsers of the book will find that most of the research included was done between 2009 and today, which underlines the value of these findings, considering that many problems of the past are no longer important today because they were not only solved but already implemented in product manufacture.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMy goal was to produce a book which can add value to the previously published volume since so many things have changed in the last thirty years. This book has no boundaries of application because it is clear from the analysis of a large number of research projects that structural knowledge and practical ideas are useful in very different applications. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n1 Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e2 Material composition, structure, and morphological features\u003cbr\u003e2.1 Materials having predominantly homogeneous structure and composition \u003cbr\u003e2.2 Heterogeneous materials \u003cbr\u003e2.2.1 Crystalline forms and amorphous regions \u003cbr\u003e2.2.2 Materials containing insoluble additives \u003cbr\u003e2.2.3 Materials containing immiscible phases \u003cbr\u003e2.2.4 Composites \u003cbr\u003e2.2.5 Multi-component layered materials \u003cbr\u003e2.2.6 Foams, porosity \u003cbr\u003e2.2.7 Compressed solids \u003cbr\u003e2.3 Material surface versus bulk \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e3 Effect of processing on material structure \u003cbr\u003e3.1 Temperature \u003cbr\u003e3.2 Pressure \u003cbr\u003e3.3 Time\u003cbr\u003e3.4 Viscosity \u003cbr\u003e3.5 Flow rate (shear rate) \u003cbr\u003e3.6 Deformation \u003cbr\u003e3.7 Orientation \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e4 Scale of damage â€“ basic concept \u003cbr\u003e4.1 Atomic \u003cbr\u003e4.2 Microscale \u003cbr\u003e4.3 Macroscale \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e5 Microscopic mechanisms of damage caused by degradants \u003cbr\u003e5.1 Bulk (mechanical forces) \u003cbr\u003e5.1.1 Elastic-brittle fracture \u003cbr\u003e5.1.2 Elastic-plastic deformation \u003cbr\u003e5.1.3 Time-related damage \u003cbr\u003e5.1.3.1 Fatigue \u003cbr\u003e5.1.3.2 Creep \u003cbr\u003e5.1.4 Impact damage \u003cbr\u003e5.1.5 Shear fracture \u003cbr\u003e5.16 Compression set \u003cbr\u003e5.1.7 Bending forces \u003cbr\u003e5.1.8 Anisotropic damage \u003cbr\u003e5.2 Electric forces \u003cbr\u003e5.2.1 Tracking \u003cbr\u003e5.2.2 Arcing \u003cbr\u003e5.2.3 Drying out in batteries \u003cbr\u003e5.2.4 Pin-holes \u003cbr\u003e5.2.5 Cracks\u003cbr\u003e5.2.6 Delamination \u003cbr\u003e5.3 Surface-initiated damage \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1 Physical forces \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.1 Thermal treatment \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.1.1 Process heat \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.1.2 Conditions of performance \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.1.3 Infrared \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.1.4 Frictional heat \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.1.5 Low-temperature effects \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.1.6 Thermal stresses \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.2 Radiation \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.2.1 Alpha and beta rays \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.2.2 Gamma rays \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.2.3 Laser beam \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.2.4 Cosmic rays \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.2.5 Plasma \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1.3 Weathering \u003cbr\u003e5.3.2 Mechanical action \u003cbr\u003e5.3.2.1 Scratching \u003cbr\u003e5.3.2.2 Impact \u003cbr\u003e5.3.2.3 Adhesive failure, sliding, rolling \u003cbr\u003e5.3.3 Chemical reactions \u003cbr\u003e5.3.3.1 Molecular oxygen \u003cbr\u003e5.3.3.2 Ozone \u003cbr\u003e5.3.3.3 Atomic oxygen \u003cbr\u003e5.3.3.4 Sulfur dioxide \u003cbr\u003e5.3.3.5 Particulate matter \u003cbr\u003e5.3.3.6 Other gaseous pollutants \u003cbr\u003e5.4 Combination of degrading elements \u003cbr\u003e5.4.1 Environmental stress cracking \u003cbr\u003e5.4.2 Biodegradation and biodeterioration \u003cbr\u003e5.4.3 Effect of body fluids \u003cbr\u003e5.4.4 Controlledâ€“release substances in pharmaceutical applications \u003cbr\u003e5.4.5 Corrosion\n\u003ch5\u003eAbout Author\u003c\/h5\u003e\nGeorge Wypych has a Ph. D. in chemical engineering. His professional expertise includes both university teaching (full professor) and research \u0026amp; development. He has published 17 books: PVC Plastisols, (University Press); Polyvinylchloride Degradation, (Elsevier); Polyvinylchloride Stabilization, (Elsevier); Polymer Modified Textile Materials, (Wiley \u0026amp; Sons); Handbook of Material Weathering, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Editions, (ChemTec Publishing); Handbook of Fillers, 1st, 2nd and 3rd Editions, (ChemTec Publishing); Recycling of PVC, (ChemTec Publishing); Weathering of Plastics. Testing to Mirror Real Life Performance, (Plastics Design Library), Handbook of Solvents, Handbook of Plasticizers, Handbook of Antistatics, Handbook of Antiblocking, Release, and Slip Additives (1st and 2nd Editions), PVC Degradation \u0026amp; Stabilization, PVC Formulary, Handbook of UV Degradation and Stabilization, Handbook of Biodeterioration, Biodegradation and Biostabilization, and Handbook of Polymers (all by ChemTec Publishing), 47 scientific papers, and he has obtained 16 patents. He specializes in polymer additives, polymer processing and formulation, material durability, and the development of sealants and coatings. He is included in the Dictionary of International Biography, Who's Who in Plastics and Polymers, Who's Who in Engineering, and was selected International Man of the Year 1996-1997 in recognition for his services to education."}

Characterisation of Po...

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{"id":11242248516,"title":"Characterisation of Polymers, Volume 1","handle":"978-1-84735-123-4","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: T.R.Crompton \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-84735-123-4 \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThis book is intended to be a complete compendium of the types of methodology that have evolved for the determination of the chemical composition of polymers. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eVolume 1 covers the methodology used for the determination of metals, non-metals and organic functional groups in polymers, and for the determination of the ratio in which different monomer units occur in copolymers. The techniques available for composition determination of homopolymers and copolymers and other recent modern techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, microthermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive analysis using X-rays are also included. The structure and microstructure of polymers, copolymers and rubbers are dealt with in Volume 2. More detailed aspects, such as sequencing of monomer units in copolymers, end-group analysis, tacticity and stereochemical determinations, are also dealt with in this subsequent volume. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis book gives an up-to-date and thorough exposition of the state-of-the-art theories and availability of instrumentation needed to effect chemical and physical analysis of polymers. This is supported by approximately 1200 references. The book should be of great interest to all those engaged in the subject in the industry, university research.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\nPreface \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e1. Determination of Metals\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cbr\u003e1.1 Destructive Techniques \u003cbr\u003e1.1.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e1.1.2 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e1.1.3 Atom Trapping Technique \u003cbr\u003e1.1.4 Vapour Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e1.1.5 Zeeman Atomic Absorption Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e1.1.6 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e1.1.7 Hybrid Inductively Coupled Plasma Techniques \u003cbr\u003e1.1.8 Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry–Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e1.1.9 Pre-concentration Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Techniques \u003cbr\u003e1.1.10 Microprocessors \u003cbr\u003e1.1.11 Autosamplers \u003cbr\u003e1.1.12 Applications: Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Metals \u003cbr\u003e1.1.13 Visible and UV Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e1.1.14 Polarography and Voltammetry \u003cbr\u003e1.1.15 Ion Chromatography \u003cbr\u003e1.2 Non-destructive Methods \u003cbr\u003e1.2.1 X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e1.2.2 Neutron Activation Analysis \u003cbr\u003eMethod 1.1 Determination of Traces of Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Lead, Manganese, Nickel, and Zinc in Polymers. Ashing – Atomic Absorption Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003eMethod 1.2 Determination of Traces of Arsenic in Acrylic Fibres Containing Antimony Trioxide Fire Retardant Agent. Acid Digestion, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003eMethod 1.3 Determination of Vanadium Catalyst Residues in Ethylene-propylene Rubber. Ashing – spectrophotometric Procedure \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e2. Determination of Non-metallic Elements\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cbr\u003e2.1 Halogens \u003cbr\u003e2.1.1 Combustion Methods \u003cbr\u003e2.1.2 Oxygen Flask Combustion \u003cbr\u003e2.1.3 Alkali Fusion Methods \u003cbr\u003e2.1.4 Physical Methods for Determining Halogens \u003cbr\u003e2.2 Sulfur \u003cbr\u003e2.2.1 Combustion Methods \u003cbr\u003e2.2.2 Sodium Peroxide Fusion \u003cbr\u003e2.2.3 Oxygen Flask Combustion \u003cbr\u003e2.3 Phosphorus \u003cbr\u003e2.3.1 Acid Digestion \u003cbr\u003e2.3.2 Oxygen Flask Combustion \u003cbr\u003e2.4 Nitrogen \u003cbr\u003e2.4.1 Combustion Methods \u003cbr\u003e2.4.2 Acid Digestion \u003cbr\u003e2.4.3 Physical Method for the Determination of Total Nitrogen \u003cbr\u003e2.5 Silica \u003cbr\u003e2.6 Boron \u003cbr\u003e2.7 Total Organic Carbon \u003cbr\u003e2.8 Total Sulfur\/Total Halogen \u003cbr\u003e2.9 Nitrogen, Carbon, and Sulfur \u003cbr\u003e2.10 Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen \u003cbr\u003e2.11 Oxygen Flask Combustion: Ion Chromatography \u003cbr\u003e2.12 X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e2.13 Thermogravimetric Analysis \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.1 Determination of Chlorine in Polymers Containing Chloride and Sulfur and\/or Phosphorus and\/or Fluorine. Oxygen Flask Combustion – Mercurimetric Titration \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.2 Determination of Chlorine in Chlorobutyl and Other Chlorine Containing Polymers. Oxygen Flask Combustion – Turbidimetry \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.3 Determination of Up to 80% Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine in Polymers. Oxygen Flask Combustion – Titration \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.4 Determination of Fluorine in Fluorinated Polymers. Oxygen Flask Combustion - Spectrophotometric Procedure \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.5 Determination of Traces of Chlorine in Polyalkenes and Polyalkene Copolymers. Sodium Carbonate Fusion – Titration Procedure \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.6 Determination of Macro-amounts of Sulfur in Polymers. Sodium Peroxide Fusion - Titration Procedure \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.7 Determination of Sulfur in Polymers. Oxygen Flask Combustion – Titration Procedure \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.8 Determination of Sulfur in Polymers. Oxygen Flask Combustion – Photometric Titration Procedure \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.9 Micro Determination of Phosphorus in Polymers. Acid Digestion – Spectrophotometric Method \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.10 Determination of Low Levels of Phosphorus in Polymers. Oxygen Flask Combustion – Spectrophotometric Method \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.11 Determination of 2-13% Phosphorus in Polymers. Oxygen Flask Combustion – Spectrophotometric Method \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.12 Determination of Between 0.002% and 75% Organic Nitrogen in Polymers. Kjeldahl Digestion – Spectrometric Indophenol Blue Method \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.13 Determination of 1 to 90% Organic Nitrogen in Polymers. Kjeldahl Digestion – Boric Acid Titration Method \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.14 Qualitative Detection of Elements in Polymers. Oxygen Flask Combustion \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e3. Determination of Functional Groups in Polymers\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cbr\u003e3.1 Hydroxy Groups \u003cbr\u003e3.1.1 Acetylation and Phthalation Procedures \u003cbr\u003e3.1.2 Spectrophotometric Methods \u003cbr\u003e3.1.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e3.1.4 Infrared Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e3.1.5 Direct Injection Enthalpimetry \u003cbr\u003e3.1.6 Kinetic Method – Primary and Secondary Hydroxyl Groups \u003cbr\u003e3.1.7 Miscellaneous Techniques \u003cbr\u003e3.2 Carboxyl Groups \u003cbr\u003e3.2.1 Titration Method \u003cbr\u003e3.2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e3.2.3 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e3.2.4 Infrared Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e3.2.5 Miscellaneous \u003cbr\u003e3.3 Carbonyl Groups \u003cbr\u003e3.4 Ester Groups \u003cbr\u003e3.4.1 Saponification Methods \u003cbr\u003e3.4.2 Zeisel Hydriodic Acid Reduction Methods \u003cbr\u003e3.4.3 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography \u003cbr\u003e3.4.4 Infrared Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e3.4.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e3.4.6 Gas Chromatography \u003cbr\u003e3.4.7 Isotope Dilution Method \u003cbr\u003e3.6 Alkoxy Groups \u003cbr\u003e3.6.1 Infrared Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e3.6.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e3.6.3 Miscellaneous Methods \u003cbr\u003e3.7 Oxyalkylene Groups \u003cbr\u003e3.7.1 Cleavage – Gas Chromatography \u003cbr\u003e3.7.2 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography \u003cbr\u003e3.7.3 Infrared Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e3.7.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e3.8 Anhydride Groups \u003cbr\u003e3.9 Total Unsaturation \u003cbr\u003e3.9.1 Hydrogenation Methods \u003cbr\u003e3.9.2 Halogenation Methods \u003cbr\u003e3.9.3 Iodine Monochloride Procedures \u003cbr\u003e3.9.4 Infrared Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e3.9.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e3.9.6 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography \u003cbr\u003e3.10 Ethylene Glycol, 1,4-Butane Diol, Terephthalic Acid and Isophthalic Acid Repeat Units in Terylene \u003cbr\u003e3.11 Oxirane Rings \u003cbr\u003e3.12 Amino Groups \u003cbr\u003e3.13 Amido and Imido Groups \u003cbr\u003e3.13.1 Alkali Fusion Reaction Gas Chromatography \u003cbr\u003e3.14 Nitrile Groups \u003cbr\u003e3.14.1 Determination of Bound Nitrile Groups in Styrene – Acrylonitrile Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e3.15 Nitric Ester Groups \u003cbr\u003e3.16 Silicon Functions \u003cbr\u003eMethod 3.1 Determination of Hydroxyl Groups in Polyethylene Glycol. Silation – Spectrophotometry \u003cbr\u003eMethod 3.2 Determination of Hydroxyl Number of Glycerol-Alkylene Oxide Polyethers and Butane, 1,4-Diol Adipic Acid Polyesters. Direct Injection Enthalpimetry \u003cbr\u003eMethod 3.3 Determination of Primary and Secondary Hydroxyl Groups in Ethylene Oxide Tipped Glycerol-Propylene Oxide Condensates. \u003cbr\u003eMethod 3.4 Determination of Compositional Analysis of Methylmethacrylate - Methacrylic Acid Copolymers. Fourier Transform 13C-NMR Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003eMethod 3.5 Identification of Acrylic Acid and Methacrylic Acid in Acrylic Copolymers. Propylation - Pyrolysis - Gas Chromatography \u003cbr\u003eMethod 3.6 Determination of Amino Groups in Aromatic Polyamides, Polyimides and Polyamides-imides. Potassium Hydroxide Fusion Gas Chromatography \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.Monomer Ratios in Copolymers\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cbr\u003e4.1 Olefinic Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e4.1.1 Ethylene-propylene \u003cbr\u003e4.2 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography \u003cbr\u003e4.2.1 Pyrolysis – Infrared Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e4.2.2 Ethylene – Butane-1 Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e4.2.3 Ethylene – Hexane-1 \u003cbr\u003e4.2.4 Other Olefin Polymers \u003cbr\u003e4.2.5 Ethylene – Vinyl Acetate Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e4.3 Vinyl Chloride Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e4.3.1 Vinyl Chloride – Vinyl Acetate \u003cbr\u003e4.3.2 Vinylidene Chloride – Vinyl Chloride \u003cbr\u003e4.4 Styrene Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e4.4.1 Styrene Acrylate and Styrene Methacrylate \u003cbr\u003e4.4.2 Styrene – Methacrylate and Styrene – Methyl Methacrylate Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e4.4.3 Styrene Acrylic Acid Copolymer NMR Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e4.4.4 Styrene Methacrylate Copolymers, NMR Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e4.4.5 Styrene-n-butyl Acrylate Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e4.4.6 Styrene Methacrylate Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e4.4.7 Miscellaneous Styrene Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e4.4.8 Vinyl Acetate – Methyl Acrylate NMR Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e4.5 Butadiene-based Polymers \u003cbr\u003e4.5.1 Styrene Butadiene and Polybutadiene \u003cbr\u003e4.6 Styrene-butadiene-acrylonitrile \u003cbr\u003e4.7 Vinylidene Chloride – Methacrylonitrile and Vinylidene Chloride Cyanovinylacetate Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e4.8 Acrylonitrile-cis (or Trans) Penta-1,3-diene \u003cbr\u003e4.9 Hexafluoropropylene – Vinylidene Fluoride \u003cbr\u003e4.9.1 19F-NMR \u003cbr\u003e4.9.2 Pyrolysis – Gas Chromatography \u003cbr\u003e4.10 Ethylene Glycol Terephthalic Acid, Ethylene Glycol Hydroxyl Benzoic Acid \u003cbr\u003e4.11 Ethylene Oxide Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e4.11.1 Ethylene Oxide – Propylene Oxide \u003cbr\u003e4.11.2 Ethylene Oxide – Polyacetal \u003cbr\u003e4.12 Maleic Anhydride Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e4.13 Acrylamide – Methacryloyl Oxyethyl Ammonium Chloride and Acrylamid – Acyloxyethyl Ammonium Chloride \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e5. Analysis of Homopolymers\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cbr\u003e5.1 Infrared Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e5.1.1 Determination of Low Concentrations of Methyl Groups in Polyethylene \u003cbr\u003e5.1.2 Bond Rupture in HDPE \u003cbr\u003e5.2 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e5.2.1 Instrumentation \u003cbr\u003e5.3 Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1 Theory \u003cbr\u003e5.3.2 Applications \u003cbr\u003e5.4 Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e5.4.1 Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e5.4.2 Tandem Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e5.4.3 Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption\/Ionisation Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e5.4.4 Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e5.4.5 Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e5.5 Gross Polarisation Magic Angle Spinning 13C and 15N \u003cbr\u003e5.5.1 Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e5.6 Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e5.7 Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e5.8 Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e5.9 Infrared Spectra \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e6. Analysis of Copolymers\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cbr\u003e6.1 Infrared Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e6.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e6.3 Raman Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e6.4 Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e6.4.1 Radio Frequency Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e6.4.2 Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e6.4.3 Laser Desorption – Ion Mobility Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e6.4.4 Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e6.4.5 Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption\/Ionisation (MALDI) Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e6.5 NMR and Proton Magenetic Resonance Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e6.6 Pyrolysis Techniques \u003cbr\u003e6.7 Other Techniques \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e7. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cbr\u003e7.1 Bulk Polymer Structural Studies \u003cbr\u003e7.2 Adhesion Studies \u003cbr\u003e7.3 Carbon Black Studies \u003cbr\u003e7.4 Particle Identification \u003cbr\u003e7.5 Pyrolysis Studies \u003cbr\u003e7.6 Surface Studies \u003cbr\u003e7.7 Applications in Which Only XPS is Used \u003cbr\u003e7.8 Applications in Which Both XPS and ToF-SIMS are Used \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e8. Atomic Force Microscopy and Microthermal Analysis\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cbr\u003e8.1 Atomic Force Microscopy \u003cbr\u003e8.1.1 Polymer Characterisation Studies and Polymer Structure \u003cbr\u003e8.1.2 Morphology \u003cbr\u003e8.1.3 Surface Defects \u003cbr\u003e8.1.4 Adhesion Studies \u003cbr\u003e8.1.5 Polydispersivity \u003cbr\u003e8.1.6 Sub-surface Particle Studies \u003cbr\u003e8.1.7 Size of Nanostructures \u003cbr\u003e8.1.8 Visualisation of Molecular Chains \u003cbr\u003e8.1.9 Compositional Mapping \u003cbr\u003e8.1.10 Surface Roughness \u003cbr\u003e8.1.11 Microphase Separation \u003cbr\u003e8.1.12 Phase Transition \u003cbr\u003e8.1.13 Shrinkage \u003cbr\u003e8.2 Microthermal Analysis \u003cbr\u003e8.2.1 Morphology \u003cbr\u003e8.2.2 Topography \u003cbr\u003e8.2.3 Glass Transition \u003cbr\u003e8.2.4 Depth Profiling Studies \u003cbr\u003e8.2.5 Phase Separation Studies \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e9. Multiple Technique Polymer Studies\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cbr\u003e9.1 FTIR – Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e9.2 Other Technique Combinations \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e10. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Analysis Using X-rays\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAppendix 1. Instument Suppliers \u003cbr\u003eAppendix 2. Suppliers of Flammability Properties Instruments \u003cbr\u003eAppendix 3. Address of Suppliers \u003cbr\u003eAbbreviations \u003cbr\u003eSubject Index\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e","published_at":"2017-06-22T21:15:09-04:00","created_at":"2017-06-22T21:15:09-04:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2008","analysis","Atomic Force Microscopy","book","cadmium","chromatography","Chromium","copolymers","Copper","destructive techniques","Determination of metals","determination of non-metallic elements","functional groups","hompolymers","Iron","Lead","Manganese","material","Microthermal Analysis","monomer ratios in copolymers","Nickel","NMR","Polarography","spectrometry","voltammetry","X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy","Zinc"],"price":18500,"price_min":18500,"price_max":22500,"available":true,"price_varies":true,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":44462707268,"title":"Hardcover","option1":"Hardcover","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Characterisation of Polymers, Volume 1 - Hardcover","public_title":"Hardcover","options":["Hardcover"],"price":22500,"weight":0,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-1-84735-123-4","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[]},{"id":43378467524,"title":"Softcover","option1":"Softcover","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Characterisation of Polymers, Volume 1 - Softcover","public_title":"Softcover","options":["Softcover"],"price":18500,"weight":0,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-1-84735-123-4","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[]}],"images":["\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-84735-123-4.jpg?v=1499718276"],"featured_image":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-84735-123-4.jpg?v=1499718276","options":["Cover"],"media":[{"alt":null,"id":353925890141,"position":1,"preview_image":{"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"width":345,"src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-84735-123-4.jpg?v=1499718276"},"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"media_type":"image","src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-84735-123-4.jpg?v=1499718276","width":345}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: T.R.Crompton \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-84735-123-4 \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThis book is intended to be a complete compendium of the types of methodology that have evolved for the determination of the chemical composition of polymers. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eVolume 1 covers the methodology used for the determination of metals, non-metals and organic functional groups in polymers, and for the determination of the ratio in which different monomer units occur in copolymers. The techniques available for composition determination of homopolymers and copolymers and other recent modern techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, microthermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive analysis using X-rays are also included. The structure and microstructure of polymers, copolymers and rubbers are dealt with in Volume 2. More detailed aspects, such as sequencing of monomer units in copolymers, end-group analysis, tacticity and stereochemical determinations, are also dealt with in this subsequent volume. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis book gives an up-to-date and thorough exposition of the state-of-the-art theories and availability of instrumentation needed to effect chemical and physical analysis of polymers. This is supported by approximately 1200 references. The book should be of great interest to all those engaged in the subject in the industry, university research.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\nPreface \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e1. Determination of Metals\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cbr\u003e1.1 Destructive Techniques \u003cbr\u003e1.1.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e1.1.2 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e1.1.3 Atom Trapping Technique \u003cbr\u003e1.1.4 Vapour Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e1.1.5 Zeeman Atomic Absorption Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e1.1.6 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e1.1.7 Hybrid Inductively Coupled Plasma Techniques \u003cbr\u003e1.1.8 Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry–Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e1.1.9 Pre-concentration Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Techniques \u003cbr\u003e1.1.10 Microprocessors \u003cbr\u003e1.1.11 Autosamplers \u003cbr\u003e1.1.12 Applications: Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Metals \u003cbr\u003e1.1.13 Visible and UV Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e1.1.14 Polarography and Voltammetry \u003cbr\u003e1.1.15 Ion Chromatography \u003cbr\u003e1.2 Non-destructive Methods \u003cbr\u003e1.2.1 X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e1.2.2 Neutron Activation Analysis \u003cbr\u003eMethod 1.1 Determination of Traces of Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Lead, Manganese, Nickel, and Zinc in Polymers. Ashing – Atomic Absorption Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003eMethod 1.2 Determination of Traces of Arsenic in Acrylic Fibres Containing Antimony Trioxide Fire Retardant Agent. Acid Digestion, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003eMethod 1.3 Determination of Vanadium Catalyst Residues in Ethylene-propylene Rubber. Ashing – spectrophotometric Procedure \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e2. Determination of Non-metallic Elements\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cbr\u003e2.1 Halogens \u003cbr\u003e2.1.1 Combustion Methods \u003cbr\u003e2.1.2 Oxygen Flask Combustion \u003cbr\u003e2.1.3 Alkali Fusion Methods \u003cbr\u003e2.1.4 Physical Methods for Determining Halogens \u003cbr\u003e2.2 Sulfur \u003cbr\u003e2.2.1 Combustion Methods \u003cbr\u003e2.2.2 Sodium Peroxide Fusion \u003cbr\u003e2.2.3 Oxygen Flask Combustion \u003cbr\u003e2.3 Phosphorus \u003cbr\u003e2.3.1 Acid Digestion \u003cbr\u003e2.3.2 Oxygen Flask Combustion \u003cbr\u003e2.4 Nitrogen \u003cbr\u003e2.4.1 Combustion Methods \u003cbr\u003e2.4.2 Acid Digestion \u003cbr\u003e2.4.3 Physical Method for the Determination of Total Nitrogen \u003cbr\u003e2.5 Silica \u003cbr\u003e2.6 Boron \u003cbr\u003e2.7 Total Organic Carbon \u003cbr\u003e2.8 Total Sulfur\/Total Halogen \u003cbr\u003e2.9 Nitrogen, Carbon, and Sulfur \u003cbr\u003e2.10 Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen \u003cbr\u003e2.11 Oxygen Flask Combustion: Ion Chromatography \u003cbr\u003e2.12 X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e2.13 Thermogravimetric Analysis \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.1 Determination of Chlorine in Polymers Containing Chloride and Sulfur and\/or Phosphorus and\/or Fluorine. Oxygen Flask Combustion – Mercurimetric Titration \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.2 Determination of Chlorine in Chlorobutyl and Other Chlorine Containing Polymers. Oxygen Flask Combustion – Turbidimetry \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.3 Determination of Up to 80% Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine in Polymers. Oxygen Flask Combustion – Titration \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.4 Determination of Fluorine in Fluorinated Polymers. Oxygen Flask Combustion - Spectrophotometric Procedure \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.5 Determination of Traces of Chlorine in Polyalkenes and Polyalkene Copolymers. Sodium Carbonate Fusion – Titration Procedure \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.6 Determination of Macro-amounts of Sulfur in Polymers. Sodium Peroxide Fusion - Titration Procedure \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.7 Determination of Sulfur in Polymers. Oxygen Flask Combustion – Titration Procedure \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.8 Determination of Sulfur in Polymers. Oxygen Flask Combustion – Photometric Titration Procedure \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.9 Micro Determination of Phosphorus in Polymers. Acid Digestion – Spectrophotometric Method \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.10 Determination of Low Levels of Phosphorus in Polymers. Oxygen Flask Combustion – Spectrophotometric Method \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.11 Determination of 2-13% Phosphorus in Polymers. Oxygen Flask Combustion – Spectrophotometric Method \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.12 Determination of Between 0.002% and 75% Organic Nitrogen in Polymers. Kjeldahl Digestion – Spectrometric Indophenol Blue Method \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.13 Determination of 1 to 90% Organic Nitrogen in Polymers. Kjeldahl Digestion – Boric Acid Titration Method \u003cbr\u003eMethod 2.14 Qualitative Detection of Elements in Polymers. Oxygen Flask Combustion \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e3. Determination of Functional Groups in Polymers\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cbr\u003e3.1 Hydroxy Groups \u003cbr\u003e3.1.1 Acetylation and Phthalation Procedures \u003cbr\u003e3.1.2 Spectrophotometric Methods \u003cbr\u003e3.1.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e3.1.4 Infrared Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e3.1.5 Direct Injection Enthalpimetry \u003cbr\u003e3.1.6 Kinetic Method – Primary and Secondary Hydroxyl Groups \u003cbr\u003e3.1.7 Miscellaneous Techniques \u003cbr\u003e3.2 Carboxyl Groups \u003cbr\u003e3.2.1 Titration Method \u003cbr\u003e3.2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e3.2.3 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e3.2.4 Infrared Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e3.2.5 Miscellaneous \u003cbr\u003e3.3 Carbonyl Groups \u003cbr\u003e3.4 Ester Groups \u003cbr\u003e3.4.1 Saponification Methods \u003cbr\u003e3.4.2 Zeisel Hydriodic Acid Reduction Methods \u003cbr\u003e3.4.3 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography \u003cbr\u003e3.4.4 Infrared Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e3.4.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e3.4.6 Gas Chromatography \u003cbr\u003e3.4.7 Isotope Dilution Method \u003cbr\u003e3.6 Alkoxy Groups \u003cbr\u003e3.6.1 Infrared Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e3.6.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e3.6.3 Miscellaneous Methods \u003cbr\u003e3.7 Oxyalkylene Groups \u003cbr\u003e3.7.1 Cleavage – Gas Chromatography \u003cbr\u003e3.7.2 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography \u003cbr\u003e3.7.3 Infrared Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e3.7.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e3.8 Anhydride Groups \u003cbr\u003e3.9 Total Unsaturation \u003cbr\u003e3.9.1 Hydrogenation Methods \u003cbr\u003e3.9.2 Halogenation Methods \u003cbr\u003e3.9.3 Iodine Monochloride Procedures \u003cbr\u003e3.9.4 Infrared Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e3.9.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e3.9.6 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography \u003cbr\u003e3.10 Ethylene Glycol, 1,4-Butane Diol, Terephthalic Acid and Isophthalic Acid Repeat Units in Terylene \u003cbr\u003e3.11 Oxirane Rings \u003cbr\u003e3.12 Amino Groups \u003cbr\u003e3.13 Amido and Imido Groups \u003cbr\u003e3.13.1 Alkali Fusion Reaction Gas Chromatography \u003cbr\u003e3.14 Nitrile Groups \u003cbr\u003e3.14.1 Determination of Bound Nitrile Groups in Styrene – Acrylonitrile Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e3.15 Nitric Ester Groups \u003cbr\u003e3.16 Silicon Functions \u003cbr\u003eMethod 3.1 Determination of Hydroxyl Groups in Polyethylene Glycol. Silation – Spectrophotometry \u003cbr\u003eMethod 3.2 Determination of Hydroxyl Number of Glycerol-Alkylene Oxide Polyethers and Butane, 1,4-Diol Adipic Acid Polyesters. Direct Injection Enthalpimetry \u003cbr\u003eMethod 3.3 Determination of Primary and Secondary Hydroxyl Groups in Ethylene Oxide Tipped Glycerol-Propylene Oxide Condensates. \u003cbr\u003eMethod 3.4 Determination of Compositional Analysis of Methylmethacrylate - Methacrylic Acid Copolymers. Fourier Transform 13C-NMR Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003eMethod 3.5 Identification of Acrylic Acid and Methacrylic Acid in Acrylic Copolymers. Propylation - Pyrolysis - Gas Chromatography \u003cbr\u003eMethod 3.6 Determination of Amino Groups in Aromatic Polyamides, Polyimides and Polyamides-imides. Potassium Hydroxide Fusion Gas Chromatography \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.Monomer Ratios in Copolymers\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cbr\u003e4.1 Olefinic Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e4.1.1 Ethylene-propylene \u003cbr\u003e4.2 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography \u003cbr\u003e4.2.1 Pyrolysis – Infrared Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e4.2.2 Ethylene – Butane-1 Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e4.2.3 Ethylene – Hexane-1 \u003cbr\u003e4.2.4 Other Olefin Polymers \u003cbr\u003e4.2.5 Ethylene – Vinyl Acetate Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e4.3 Vinyl Chloride Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e4.3.1 Vinyl Chloride – Vinyl Acetate \u003cbr\u003e4.3.2 Vinylidene Chloride – Vinyl Chloride \u003cbr\u003e4.4 Styrene Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e4.4.1 Styrene Acrylate and Styrene Methacrylate \u003cbr\u003e4.4.2 Styrene – Methacrylate and Styrene – Methyl Methacrylate Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e4.4.3 Styrene Acrylic Acid Copolymer NMR Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e4.4.4 Styrene Methacrylate Copolymers, NMR Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e4.4.5 Styrene-n-butyl Acrylate Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e4.4.6 Styrene Methacrylate Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e4.4.7 Miscellaneous Styrene Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e4.4.8 Vinyl Acetate – Methyl Acrylate NMR Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e4.5 Butadiene-based Polymers \u003cbr\u003e4.5.1 Styrene Butadiene and Polybutadiene \u003cbr\u003e4.6 Styrene-butadiene-acrylonitrile \u003cbr\u003e4.7 Vinylidene Chloride – Methacrylonitrile and Vinylidene Chloride Cyanovinylacetate Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e4.8 Acrylonitrile-cis (or Trans) Penta-1,3-diene \u003cbr\u003e4.9 Hexafluoropropylene – Vinylidene Fluoride \u003cbr\u003e4.9.1 19F-NMR \u003cbr\u003e4.9.2 Pyrolysis – Gas Chromatography \u003cbr\u003e4.10 Ethylene Glycol Terephthalic Acid, Ethylene Glycol Hydroxyl Benzoic Acid \u003cbr\u003e4.11 Ethylene Oxide Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e4.11.1 Ethylene Oxide – Propylene Oxide \u003cbr\u003e4.11.2 Ethylene Oxide – Polyacetal \u003cbr\u003e4.12 Maleic Anhydride Copolymers \u003cbr\u003e4.13 Acrylamide – Methacryloyl Oxyethyl Ammonium Chloride and Acrylamid – Acyloxyethyl Ammonium Chloride \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e5. Analysis of Homopolymers\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cbr\u003e5.1 Infrared Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e5.1.1 Determination of Low Concentrations of Methyl Groups in Polyethylene \u003cbr\u003e5.1.2 Bond Rupture in HDPE \u003cbr\u003e5.2 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e5.2.1 Instrumentation \u003cbr\u003e5.3 Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e5.3.1 Theory \u003cbr\u003e5.3.2 Applications \u003cbr\u003e5.4 Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e5.4.1 Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e5.4.2 Tandem Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e5.4.3 Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption\/Ionisation Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e5.4.4 Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e5.4.5 Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e5.5 Gross Polarisation Magic Angle Spinning 13C and 15N \u003cbr\u003e5.5.1 Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e5.6 Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e5.7 Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e5.8 Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e5.9 Infrared Spectra \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e6. Analysis of Copolymers\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cbr\u003e6.1 Infrared Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e6.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e6.3 Raman Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e6.4 Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e6.4.1 Radio Frequency Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e6.4.2 Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e6.4.3 Laser Desorption – Ion Mobility Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e6.4.4 Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e6.4.5 Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption\/Ionisation (MALDI) Mass Spectrometry \u003cbr\u003e6.5 NMR and Proton Magenetic Resonance Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e6.6 Pyrolysis Techniques \u003cbr\u003e6.7 Other Techniques \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e7. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cbr\u003e7.1 Bulk Polymer Structural Studies \u003cbr\u003e7.2 Adhesion Studies \u003cbr\u003e7.3 Carbon Black Studies \u003cbr\u003e7.4 Particle Identification \u003cbr\u003e7.5 Pyrolysis Studies \u003cbr\u003e7.6 Surface Studies \u003cbr\u003e7.7 Applications in Which Only XPS is Used \u003cbr\u003e7.8 Applications in Which Both XPS and ToF-SIMS are Used \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e8. Atomic Force Microscopy and Microthermal Analysis\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cbr\u003e8.1 Atomic Force Microscopy \u003cbr\u003e8.1.1 Polymer Characterisation Studies and Polymer Structure \u003cbr\u003e8.1.2 Morphology \u003cbr\u003e8.1.3 Surface Defects \u003cbr\u003e8.1.4 Adhesion Studies \u003cbr\u003e8.1.5 Polydispersivity \u003cbr\u003e8.1.6 Sub-surface Particle Studies \u003cbr\u003e8.1.7 Size of Nanostructures \u003cbr\u003e8.1.8 Visualisation of Molecular Chains \u003cbr\u003e8.1.9 Compositional Mapping \u003cbr\u003e8.1.10 Surface Roughness \u003cbr\u003e8.1.11 Microphase Separation \u003cbr\u003e8.1.12 Phase Transition \u003cbr\u003e8.1.13 Shrinkage \u003cbr\u003e8.2 Microthermal Analysis \u003cbr\u003e8.2.1 Morphology \u003cbr\u003e8.2.2 Topography \u003cbr\u003e8.2.3 Glass Transition \u003cbr\u003e8.2.4 Depth Profiling Studies \u003cbr\u003e8.2.5 Phase Separation Studies \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e9. Multiple Technique Polymer Studies\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cbr\u003e9.1 FTIR – Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy \u003cbr\u003e9.2 Other Technique Combinations \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e10. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Analysis Using X-rays\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAppendix 1. Instument Suppliers \u003cbr\u003eAppendix 2. Suppliers of Flammability Properties Instruments \u003cbr\u003eAppendix 3. Address of Suppliers \u003cbr\u003eAbbreviations \u003cbr\u003eSubject Index\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e"}