Natural Ageing of Rubber: Changes in Physical Properties Over 40 Years
A unique collection of long-term ageing data, available for the first time, from Rapra Technology Limited.
This report is an output from the Weathering of Elastomers and Sealants project which forms part of the UK government’s Department of Trade and Industry’s Degradation of Materials in Aggressive Environments Programme.
Rapra Technology Limited has just completed a comprehensive natural ageing and physical testing programme on 19 rubber compounds, stored in controlled conditions, for a period of 40 years. This is believed to be the most extensive such study ever carried out. Now, for the first time, all the results of this unique programme have been published in this report.
The properties of natural and synthetic rubbers suit them to a diverse range of applications, many of which demand a prolonged service life, and the retention of some or all of their mechanical properties for years or even decades. When the ageing programme was conceived in the 1950s, rubber product manufacturers were faced with a wider range of raw rubbers than had ever been available before. The relatively recent development of some of these materials also meant that there was little information available regarding their longevity. Thus the need was identified for a systematic programme of storage and testing.
Rubber formulations were selected to represent those used in a wide range of applications, including general purpose and ‘good ageing’ grades. Remarkably, most of these formulations are still representative of compounds being specified today. The following rubbers were studied:
-Natural rubber
-Styrene-butadiene rubber
-Butyl rubber
-Polychloroprene
-Nitrile rubber
-Acrylate rubber
-Chlorosulphonated polyethylene
-Polysulphide rubber
-Silicone rubber
Samples were stored under temperate and tropical climatic conditions, and at various intervals, the following properties were measured:
-Hardness
-Volume change
-Resilience
-Volume and surface resistivity
-Tensile strength Elongation at break
-Modulus at 100% and 300% elongation
-Long and short-term compression set
-Low temperature stiffness
The results of all these tests are presented graphically in this report, allowing the rate of deterioration of properties and the influence of the environment to be clearly seen. Properties after 40 years are also tabulated, together with calculations of percentage change.
This information will prove invaluable to anyone specifying or supplying rubber materials or components. Further work is now being carried out on the properties of the same formulations after accelerated ageing.
This report is an output from the Weathering of Elastomers and Sealants project which forms part of the UK government’s Department of Trade and Industry’s Degradation of Materials in Aggressive Environments Programme.
Rapra Technology Limited has just completed a comprehensive natural ageing and physical testing programme on 19 rubber compounds, stored in controlled conditions, for a period of 40 years. This is believed to be the most extensive such study ever carried out. Now, for the first time, all the results of this unique programme have been published in this report.
The properties of natural and synthetic rubbers suit them to a diverse range of applications, many of which demand a prolonged service life, and the retention of some or all of their mechanical properties for years or even decades. When the ageing programme was conceived in the 1950s, rubber product manufacturers were faced with a wider range of raw rubbers than had ever been available before. The relatively recent development of some of these materials also meant that there was little information available regarding their longevity. Thus the need was identified for a systematic programme of storage and testing.
Rubber formulations were selected to represent those used in a wide range of applications, including general purpose and ‘good ageing’ grades. Remarkably, most of these formulations are still representative of compounds being specified today. The following rubbers were studied:
-Natural rubber
-Styrene-butadiene rubber
-Butyl rubber
-Polychloroprene
-Nitrile rubber
-Acrylate rubber
-Chlorosulphonated polyethylene
-Polysulphide rubber
-Silicone rubber
Samples were stored under temperate and tropical climatic conditions, and at various intervals, the following properties were measured:
-Hardness
-Volume change
-Resilience
-Volume and surface resistivity
-Tensile strength Elongation at break
-Modulus at 100% and 300% elongation
-Long and short-term compression set
-Low temperature stiffness
The results of all these tests are presented graphically in this report, allowing the rate of deterioration of properties and the influence of the environment to be clearly seen. Properties after 40 years are also tabulated, together with calculations of percentage change.
This information will prove invaluable to anyone specifying or supplying rubber materials or components. Further work is now being carried out on the properties of the same formulations after accelerated ageing.
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Compounding Precipitat...
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{"id":11242225476,"title":"Compounding Precipitated Silica in Elastomers, Theory and Practice","handle":"978-0-8155-1528-9","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: Norman Hewitt \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-0-8155-1528-9 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePages: 578 pp, Hardback\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThis valuable guide to compounding elastomers with precipitated silica covers principles, properties, mixing, testing and formulations from a practical perspective. This handbook and reference manual will serve those who work on part design, elastomer formulation, manufacturing and applications of elastomers. Ample discussion of compound specifications adds to the usefulness of this book to practitioners. Comparisons of carbon black and silica compounds throughout the book allow readers to select the most suitable formulation for applications ranging from tires to electrical insulation to shoe soles. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe author has over forty years of experience in the rubber industry highlighted by his 39 years at the PPG Rubber Research laboratories. A highlight of the book is the inclusion of studies conducted by the author which greatly adds to the richness of the contents.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cb\u003e\u003cbr\u003eChapter 1: SILICA AS A REINFORCING FILLER\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e1.1 Introduction \u003cbr\u003e1.2 Manufacture of Precipitated Silica \u003cbr\u003e1.3 Silica and Carbon black \u003cbr\u003e1.4 Silica Surface Area \u003cbr\u003e1.5 Silica Free Water \u003cbr\u003e1.6 Silica Free Water, Affect on Visible Dispersion \u003cbr\u003e1.7 Silica Surface Silanol groups \u003cbr\u003e1.8 Silica pH \u003cbr\u003e1.9 Soluble Salts in Silica \u003cbr\u003e1.10 Physical Form and Sensity of Silica \u003cbr\u003e1.11 Other Silica Properties \u003cbr\u003e1.12 Silane Treated Silicas \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 2: COMPOUNDING PRECIPITATED SILICA IN NATURAL RUBBER\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e2.1 Introduction \u003cbr\u003e2.2 Silica and Carbon Black \u003cbr\u003e2.3 Activation: Zinc Oxide \u003cbr\u003e2.4 Cure Activation: Glycols \u003cbr\u003e2.5 Acceleration with Secondary Accelerators in Normal Sulfur Systems \u003cbr\u003e2.6 Acceleration: Single Accelerators in Normal Sulfur Systems \u003cbr\u003e2.7 Acceleration: Single Accelerators; Vulcanizate Properties \u003cbr\u003e2.8 Acceleration: Low Sulfur\/Sulfur Donor Systems \u003cbr\u003e2.9 Reversion \u003cbr\u003e2.10 Antioxidant Systems: Non-staining \u003cbr\u003e2.11 Plasticization \u003cbr\u003e2.12 Tear Resistance \u003cbr\u003e2.13 Tear Resistance: Contour Curve Studies of Silica Content Effects \u003cbr\u003e2.14 Tear Resistance: Silica Primary Particle Size \u003cbr\u003e2.15 Tear Resistance; Non-Marking Solid tires \u003cbr\u003e2.16 Shelf Aged Stiffness and Green Strength \u003cbr\u003e2.17 Peroxide Cure \u003cbr\u003e2.18 Peroxide Curing: Silica Reinforcement and Structure \u003cbr\u003e2.19 Peroxide Curing: Silica Surface Area \u003cbr\u003e2.20 Peroxide Cure: Silane Coupling \u003cbr\u003e2.21 Silane Coupling: Sulfur Cure Systems \u003cbr\u003e2.22 Zinc-Free Cure Systems \u003cbr\u003e2.23 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Polyisoprene (IR) \u003cbr\u003e2.24 Brass Adhesion \u003cbr\u003e2.25 Brass Adhesion Mechanism \u003cbr\u003e2.26 Adhesion to Textile Fabrics; the HRH system \u003cbr\u003e2.27 Fabric Adhesion: Dynamic testing \u003cbr\u003e2.28 Heat Resistance \u003cbr\u003eNatural Rubber Formulary \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 3: COMPOUNDING PRECIPITATED SILICA IN EMULSION SBR\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e3.1 Introduction \u003cbr\u003e3.2 Silica and Carbon Black \u003cbr\u003e3.3 Cure Systems: Activation with Glycols \u003cbr\u003e3.4 Cure System: Zinc Oxide Activation \u003cbr\u003e3.5 Cure System: Magnesium Oxide Activation \u003cbr\u003e3.6 Cure system: Lead oxide (Litharge) Activation \u003cbr\u003e3.7 Cure System: Stearic acid \u003cbr\u003e3.8 Cure Systems: Primary, Secondary Accelerators \u003cbr\u003e3.9 Cure Systems: Single Accelerators \u003cbr\u003e3.10 Cure Systems: Sulfur Concentration \u003cbr\u003e3.11 Plasticization \u003cbr\u003e3.12 Antioxidants \u003cbr\u003e3.13 Tear Resistance: Silica Primary Particle Size \u003cbr\u003e3.14 Tear Resistance: Silica Content \u003cbr\u003e3.15 Fabric Adhesion \u003cbr\u003e3.16 Heat Resistance \u003cbr\u003e3.17 Silane coupling \u003cbr\u003e3.18 Silane Coupling: Competition \u003cbr\u003eEmulsion SBR Formulary \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 4: COMPOUNDING SILICA IN ELASTOMERS SOLUTION SBR AND BR\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e4.1 Introduction \u003cbr\u003e4.2 Silica and Carbon Black \u003cbr\u003e4.3 Zinc-Free Cure Systems \u003cbr\u003e4.4 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Accelerators \u0026amp; Sulfur \u003cbr\u003e4.5 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Polymer Effects \u003cbr\u003e4.6 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Zinc oxide and HMT \u003cbr\u003e4.7 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Effects of Additives \u003cbr\u003e4.8 Zinc-Free Cure systems: Sulfur content \u003cbr\u003e4.9 Zinc-Free Cure System: Antioxidants \u003cbr\u003e4.10 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Processing \u003cbr\u003e4.11 Zinc-Free Systems: Plasticizers \u003cbr\u003e4.12 Zinc-Free Systems: Additive plasticizers \u003cbr\u003e4.13 Silane Coupling: Pretreated Silica \u003cbr\u003e4.14 Silane Coupling \u003cbr\u003e4.15 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Surface Area Effects \u003cbr\u003e4.16 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Trouser Tear Strength \u003cbr\u003e4.17 Zinc-Free Cure Systems ; Silica Content \u003cbr\u003e4.18 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Durometer Equivalents \u003cbr\u003eSolution SBR and BR Formulary \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 5: COMPOUNDING SILICA IN ELASTOMERS EPDM\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e5.1 Introduction \u003cbr\u003e5.2 Silica and Carbon Black \u003cbr\u003e5.3 Acceleration Systems \u003cbr\u003e5.4 Low Sulfur Systems with Donors \u003cbr\u003e5.5 Activation: Oxides and Glycols \u003cbr\u003e5.6 Antioxidants: Heat Resistance \u003cbr\u003e5.7 Zinc-Free Cure Systems \u003cbr\u003e5.8 Silane Coupling \u003cbr\u003e5.9 Silica Surface Area \u003cbr\u003e5.10 Peroxide Cure Systems \u003cbr\u003e5.11 Processing \u003cbr\u003e5.12 Adhesion to Brass \u003cbr\u003e5.13 Fabric Adhesion \u003cbr\u003e5.14 Adhesion to Zinc (Galvanized) Coatings \u003cbr\u003e5.15 Compression Fatigue Life \u003cbr\u003eEPDM Formulary \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 6: COMPOUNDING PRECIPITATED SILICA IN NEOPRENE\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e6.1 Introduction \u003cbr\u003e6.2 NSM (Type W) Neoprene: Oxide Crosslinking \u003cbr\u003e6.3 NSM Neoprene (W): Organic Acceleration \u003cbr\u003e6.4 NSM Neoprene: Glycol Activation \u003cbr\u003e6.5 NSM Neoprene: Plasticization \u003cbr\u003e6.6 NSM Neoprene: Silica and Black \u003cbr\u003e6.7 Silica Surface Area \u003cbr\u003e6.8 NSM Neoprene: Silane Coupling \u003cbr\u003e6.9 NSM Neoprene: Fabric Adhesion \u003cbr\u003e6.10 NSM Neoprene: Brass Adhesion \u003cbr\u003e6.11 NSM Neoprene: Water Absorption \u003cbr\u003e6.12 Sulfur Modified (SM) Neoprene: Cure Systems \u003cbr\u003e6.13 SM Neoprene: Glycol Activation \u003cbr\u003e6.14 SM Neoprene: Retarding Scorch \u003cbr\u003e6.15 SM Neoprene: Silane Coupling \u003cbr\u003e6.16 SM Neoprene: Processing \u003cbr\u003e6.17 SM Neoprene: Silica Surface Area effects \u003cbr\u003e6.18 SM Neoprene: Silica Free Water Content \u003cbr\u003e6.19 SM Neoprene: Cord and Fabric Adhesion \u003cbr\u003e6.20 SM Neoprene: Brass Adhesion \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 7: COMPOUNDING PRECIPITATED SILICA IN NITRILE\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e7.1 Introduction \u003cbr\u003e7.2 Silica and Carbon Black \u003cbr\u003e7.3 Silica Surface Area \u003cbr\u003e7.4 NBR\/PVC Blends \u003cbr\u003e7.5 Acceleration: Sulfur Content \u003cbr\u003e7.6 Accelerators \u003cbr\u003e7.7 Activators \u003cbr\u003e7.8 Silane Coupling \u003cbr\u003e7.9 Peroxide Curing \u003cbr\u003e7.10 Processing \u003cbr\u003e7.11 Zinc-Free Cure Systems \u003cbr\u003e7.12 Phenolic Resins \u003cbr\u003e7.13 NBR Adhesion to Brass \u003cbr\u003e7.14 NBR Adhesion to Fabric \u003cbr\u003eNitrile Formulary \u003cbr\u003eAppendix A: COMPOUNDING BASICS \u003cbr\u003eAppendix B: COMPOUNDING MATERIALS \u003cbr\u003eAppendix C: RUBBER PROCESSING \u003cbr\u003eAppendix D: PHYSICAL TESTING OF RUBBERAppendix E: COMMON COMPOUNDING ABBREVIATIONS \u003cbr\u003eINDEX\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eAbout Author\u003c\/h5\u003e\nPPG (former).\u003cbr\u003eNorman Hewitt worked for 39 years with PPG and his work with precipitated silica is world renowned. His technical service activity with PPG included research and development projects on the mechanism and application of reinforcing silica in the rubber industry. This book is the culmination of his more than four decades of experience in the rubber industry.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e","published_at":"2017-06-22T21:13:58-04:00","created_at":"2017-06-22T21:13:58-04:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2007","adhesion","antioxidant","book","brass","carbon black","coating","compounding","curing","Lead Oxide","Magnesium Oxide","natural rubber","NBR\/PVC","Neoprene","pH","plastisization","r-compounding","reinforcement","rubber","silica","Sulfur","surface","Zinc Oxide","Zinc-free"],"price":33000,"price_min":33000,"price_max":33000,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":43378391108,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Compounding Precipitated Silica in Elastomers, Theory and Practice","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":33000,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-0-8155-1528-9","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[]}],"images":["\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-0-8155-1528-9.jpg?v=1499211446"],"featured_image":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-0-8155-1528-9.jpg?v=1499211446","options":["Title"],"media":[{"alt":null,"id":353964392541,"position":1,"preview_image":{"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"width":345,"src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-0-8155-1528-9.jpg?v=1499211446"},"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"media_type":"image","src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-0-8155-1528-9.jpg?v=1499211446","width":345}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: Norman Hewitt \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-0-8155-1528-9 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePages: 578 pp, Hardback\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nThis valuable guide to compounding elastomers with precipitated silica covers principles, properties, mixing, testing and formulations from a practical perspective. This handbook and reference manual will serve those who work on part design, elastomer formulation, manufacturing and applications of elastomers. Ample discussion of compound specifications adds to the usefulness of this book to practitioners. Comparisons of carbon black and silica compounds throughout the book allow readers to select the most suitable formulation for applications ranging from tires to electrical insulation to shoe soles. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe author has over forty years of experience in the rubber industry highlighted by his 39 years at the PPG Rubber Research laboratories. A highlight of the book is the inclusion of studies conducted by the author which greatly adds to the richness of the contents.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cb\u003e\u003cbr\u003eChapter 1: SILICA AS A REINFORCING FILLER\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e1.1 Introduction \u003cbr\u003e1.2 Manufacture of Precipitated Silica \u003cbr\u003e1.3 Silica and Carbon black \u003cbr\u003e1.4 Silica Surface Area \u003cbr\u003e1.5 Silica Free Water \u003cbr\u003e1.6 Silica Free Water, Affect on Visible Dispersion \u003cbr\u003e1.7 Silica Surface Silanol groups \u003cbr\u003e1.8 Silica pH \u003cbr\u003e1.9 Soluble Salts in Silica \u003cbr\u003e1.10 Physical Form and Sensity of Silica \u003cbr\u003e1.11 Other Silica Properties \u003cbr\u003e1.12 Silane Treated Silicas \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 2: COMPOUNDING PRECIPITATED SILICA IN NATURAL RUBBER\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e2.1 Introduction \u003cbr\u003e2.2 Silica and Carbon Black \u003cbr\u003e2.3 Activation: Zinc Oxide \u003cbr\u003e2.4 Cure Activation: Glycols \u003cbr\u003e2.5 Acceleration with Secondary Accelerators in Normal Sulfur Systems \u003cbr\u003e2.6 Acceleration: Single Accelerators in Normal Sulfur Systems \u003cbr\u003e2.7 Acceleration: Single Accelerators; Vulcanizate Properties \u003cbr\u003e2.8 Acceleration: Low Sulfur\/Sulfur Donor Systems \u003cbr\u003e2.9 Reversion \u003cbr\u003e2.10 Antioxidant Systems: Non-staining \u003cbr\u003e2.11 Plasticization \u003cbr\u003e2.12 Tear Resistance \u003cbr\u003e2.13 Tear Resistance: Contour Curve Studies of Silica Content Effects \u003cbr\u003e2.14 Tear Resistance: Silica Primary Particle Size \u003cbr\u003e2.15 Tear Resistance; Non-Marking Solid tires \u003cbr\u003e2.16 Shelf Aged Stiffness and Green Strength \u003cbr\u003e2.17 Peroxide Cure \u003cbr\u003e2.18 Peroxide Curing: Silica Reinforcement and Structure \u003cbr\u003e2.19 Peroxide Curing: Silica Surface Area \u003cbr\u003e2.20 Peroxide Cure: Silane Coupling \u003cbr\u003e2.21 Silane Coupling: Sulfur Cure Systems \u003cbr\u003e2.22 Zinc-Free Cure Systems \u003cbr\u003e2.23 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Polyisoprene (IR) \u003cbr\u003e2.24 Brass Adhesion \u003cbr\u003e2.25 Brass Adhesion Mechanism \u003cbr\u003e2.26 Adhesion to Textile Fabrics; the HRH system \u003cbr\u003e2.27 Fabric Adhesion: Dynamic testing \u003cbr\u003e2.28 Heat Resistance \u003cbr\u003eNatural Rubber Formulary \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 3: COMPOUNDING PRECIPITATED SILICA IN EMULSION SBR\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e3.1 Introduction \u003cbr\u003e3.2 Silica and Carbon Black \u003cbr\u003e3.3 Cure Systems: Activation with Glycols \u003cbr\u003e3.4 Cure System: Zinc Oxide Activation \u003cbr\u003e3.5 Cure System: Magnesium Oxide Activation \u003cbr\u003e3.6 Cure system: Lead oxide (Litharge) Activation \u003cbr\u003e3.7 Cure System: Stearic acid \u003cbr\u003e3.8 Cure Systems: Primary, Secondary Accelerators \u003cbr\u003e3.9 Cure Systems: Single Accelerators \u003cbr\u003e3.10 Cure Systems: Sulfur Concentration \u003cbr\u003e3.11 Plasticization \u003cbr\u003e3.12 Antioxidants \u003cbr\u003e3.13 Tear Resistance: Silica Primary Particle Size \u003cbr\u003e3.14 Tear Resistance: Silica Content \u003cbr\u003e3.15 Fabric Adhesion \u003cbr\u003e3.16 Heat Resistance \u003cbr\u003e3.17 Silane coupling \u003cbr\u003e3.18 Silane Coupling: Competition \u003cbr\u003eEmulsion SBR Formulary \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 4: COMPOUNDING SILICA IN ELASTOMERS SOLUTION SBR AND BR\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e4.1 Introduction \u003cbr\u003e4.2 Silica and Carbon Black \u003cbr\u003e4.3 Zinc-Free Cure Systems \u003cbr\u003e4.4 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Accelerators \u0026amp; Sulfur \u003cbr\u003e4.5 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Polymer Effects \u003cbr\u003e4.6 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Zinc oxide and HMT \u003cbr\u003e4.7 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Effects of Additives \u003cbr\u003e4.8 Zinc-Free Cure systems: Sulfur content \u003cbr\u003e4.9 Zinc-Free Cure System: Antioxidants \u003cbr\u003e4.10 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Processing \u003cbr\u003e4.11 Zinc-Free Systems: Plasticizers \u003cbr\u003e4.12 Zinc-Free Systems: Additive plasticizers \u003cbr\u003e4.13 Silane Coupling: Pretreated Silica \u003cbr\u003e4.14 Silane Coupling \u003cbr\u003e4.15 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Surface Area Effects \u003cbr\u003e4.16 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Trouser Tear Strength \u003cbr\u003e4.17 Zinc-Free Cure Systems ; Silica Content \u003cbr\u003e4.18 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Durometer Equivalents \u003cbr\u003eSolution SBR and BR Formulary \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 5: COMPOUNDING SILICA IN ELASTOMERS EPDM\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e5.1 Introduction \u003cbr\u003e5.2 Silica and Carbon Black \u003cbr\u003e5.3 Acceleration Systems \u003cbr\u003e5.4 Low Sulfur Systems with Donors \u003cbr\u003e5.5 Activation: Oxides and Glycols \u003cbr\u003e5.6 Antioxidants: Heat Resistance \u003cbr\u003e5.7 Zinc-Free Cure Systems \u003cbr\u003e5.8 Silane Coupling \u003cbr\u003e5.9 Silica Surface Area \u003cbr\u003e5.10 Peroxide Cure Systems \u003cbr\u003e5.11 Processing \u003cbr\u003e5.12 Adhesion to Brass \u003cbr\u003e5.13 Fabric Adhesion \u003cbr\u003e5.14 Adhesion to Zinc (Galvanized) Coatings \u003cbr\u003e5.15 Compression Fatigue Life \u003cbr\u003eEPDM Formulary \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 6: COMPOUNDING PRECIPITATED SILICA IN NEOPRENE\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e6.1 Introduction \u003cbr\u003e6.2 NSM (Type W) Neoprene: Oxide Crosslinking \u003cbr\u003e6.3 NSM Neoprene (W): Organic Acceleration \u003cbr\u003e6.4 NSM Neoprene: Glycol Activation \u003cbr\u003e6.5 NSM Neoprene: Plasticization \u003cbr\u003e6.6 NSM Neoprene: Silica and Black \u003cbr\u003e6.7 Silica Surface Area \u003cbr\u003e6.8 NSM Neoprene: Silane Coupling \u003cbr\u003e6.9 NSM Neoprene: Fabric Adhesion \u003cbr\u003e6.10 NSM Neoprene: Brass Adhesion \u003cbr\u003e6.11 NSM Neoprene: Water Absorption \u003cbr\u003e6.12 Sulfur Modified (SM) Neoprene: Cure Systems \u003cbr\u003e6.13 SM Neoprene: Glycol Activation \u003cbr\u003e6.14 SM Neoprene: Retarding Scorch \u003cbr\u003e6.15 SM Neoprene: Silane Coupling \u003cbr\u003e6.16 SM Neoprene: Processing \u003cbr\u003e6.17 SM Neoprene: Silica Surface Area effects \u003cbr\u003e6.18 SM Neoprene: Silica Free Water Content \u003cbr\u003e6.19 SM Neoprene: Cord and Fabric Adhesion \u003cbr\u003e6.20 SM Neoprene: Brass Adhesion \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 7: COMPOUNDING PRECIPITATED SILICA IN NITRILE\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e7.1 Introduction \u003cbr\u003e7.2 Silica and Carbon Black \u003cbr\u003e7.3 Silica Surface Area \u003cbr\u003e7.4 NBR\/PVC Blends \u003cbr\u003e7.5 Acceleration: Sulfur Content \u003cbr\u003e7.6 Accelerators \u003cbr\u003e7.7 Activators \u003cbr\u003e7.8 Silane Coupling \u003cbr\u003e7.9 Peroxide Curing \u003cbr\u003e7.10 Processing \u003cbr\u003e7.11 Zinc-Free Cure Systems \u003cbr\u003e7.12 Phenolic Resins \u003cbr\u003e7.13 NBR Adhesion to Brass \u003cbr\u003e7.14 NBR Adhesion to Fabric \u003cbr\u003eNitrile Formulary \u003cbr\u003eAppendix A: COMPOUNDING BASICS \u003cbr\u003eAppendix B: COMPOUNDING MATERIALS \u003cbr\u003eAppendix C: RUBBER PROCESSING \u003cbr\u003eAppendix D: PHYSICAL TESTING OF RUBBERAppendix E: COMMON COMPOUNDING ABBREVIATIONS \u003cbr\u003eINDEX\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eAbout Author\u003c\/h5\u003e\nPPG (former).\u003cbr\u003eNorman Hewitt worked for 39 years with PPG and his work with precipitated silica is world renowned. His technical service activity with PPG included research and development projects on the mechanism and application of reinforcing silica in the rubber industry. This book is the culmination of his more than four decades of experience in the rubber industry.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e"}
Engineering Elastomers...
$180.00
{"id":11242230660,"title":"Engineering Elastomers 2003","handle":"978-1-85957-369-3","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: Geneva, Switzerland, 13-14 November 2003 \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-85957-369-3 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003epages 210\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nEngineering or specialty elastomers are the stalwart materials of the rubber industry. They are high volume and medium priced elastomers, often employed in demanding applications, such as the automotive, industrial, medical and electrical industries. The Engineering Elastomers 2003 conference had an exciting series of papers from authors in both Europe and the USA, addressing the opportunities for growth in engineering elastomers, as well as the challenges to producers and users operating in a rapidly changing competitive environment.\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eList of Papers\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSession 1 Market Review\u003cbr\u003ePaper 1 - Elastomers and Feedstocks: A Market Outlook\u003cbr\u003ePaper 2 - An Overview of the Engineering Elastomer Industry in 2003 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSession 2 Advances in Compounding and Production\u003cbr\u003ePaper 3 - Functionalisation of Polymers \u0026amp; Compatibilisation of Polymer Blends by a Novel Reactive Processing Approach\u003cbr\u003ePaper 4 - Precrosslinked Engineering Elastomers - What Are the Benefits? PAPER UNAVAILABLE AT TIME OF PRINT\u003cbr\u003ePaper 5 - High-Hardness Compounds in Papermill Roll Covers and the Role of Fillers Networking in their Dynamic Performance PAPER UNAVAILABLE AT TIME OF PRINT \u003cbr\u003ePaper 6 - Use of the NFM Iddon Cold Feed Extruder and Novel Low Temperature Curing EPDM to Reduce Processing and Curing Energy Consumption \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSession 3 Advances in Elastomers\u003cbr\u003ePaper 7 - Silicone Rubber – Looking Forward to the Next 60 Years!\u003cbr\u003ePaper 8 - Vistamaxx ™ - Novel Polyolefin Speciality Elastomers\u003cbr\u003ePaper 9 - HNBR - A Very Versatile Engineering Elastomer\u003cbr\u003ePaper 10 - Recent Progress in the Processing Performance of Compounds made with Viton® Fluoroelastomers PAPER UNAVAILABLE AT TIME OF PRINT \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSession 4 Additives and Vulcanising Agents\u003cbr\u003ePaper 11 - Lead-free Curing Systems for ECO – Comparison of Different Solutions\u003cbr\u003ePaper 12 - New High Purity Vulcanization Accelerator \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSession 5: Technologies and Materials Analysis\u003cbr\u003ePaper 13 - Analyses of Two-component Injected Parts\u003cbr\u003ePaper 14 - Rubber Fails in Tension - Mechanical Strength of Elastomeric Materials at Ambient and Elevated Temperatures \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSession 6: Developments In Production And Processing Technologies And Equipment\u003cbr\u003ePaper 15 - MIPs (Multi-Ingredient-Preweighs) unique improvements of process variation and dispersion by preblending chemicals\u003cbr\u003ePaper 16 - Latest Developments in Production Equipment, Moulds, and Automation for Processing of Engineering Elastomers\u003cbr\u003ePaper 17 - New Developments for the Optimisation of High Injection Moulded Elastomers Using 3D Simulation\u003cbr\u003ePaper 18 - Latest Developments in Thermal Balance Control in the Moulds \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSession 7 Inter-materials Competition\u003cbr\u003ePaper 19 - Weathersealing Sytems using Thermoplastic Vulcanizates and Thermoplastic Olefins\u003cbr\u003ePaper 20 - A unique closed cell sponge rubber material offering self-extinguishing and low smoke emission properties\u003cbr\u003ePaper 21 - Fluoroprene ™; A High Performance Fluorocarbon TPV \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSession 8 Developments In End Use Applications\u003cbr\u003ePaper 22 - Nordel® MG - “The Game Changer” - ... For TPV\u003cbr\u003ePaper 23 - Computer Aided Engineering of Elastomeric Components for Automobile Applications +++ PAPER UNAVAILABLE AT TIME OF PRINT +++\u003cbr\u003ePaper 24 eBusiness as Supporting Tool for Operation Excellence +++ PAPER UNAVAILABLE AT TIME OF PRINT +++\u003cbr\u003ePaper 25 - Elastomers in the Gas Industry in the Light of User Safety Requirements\u003cbr\u003ePaper 26 - Expanding the Applications of EPDM\/EPM Elastomers in the Pharmaceutical and Food Industries\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e","published_at":"2017-06-22T21:14:15-04:00","created_at":"2017-06-22T21:14:15-04:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2003","acrylate rubber","additives","blends","book","compatibilisation","curing","curing systems","elastomers","engineering elastomers","EPDM","fillers","food","functionalisation","High-Hardness","molding","moulding","networking","Novel","pharmaceutical","polymers","precrosslinked","r-compounding","rubber","silicone rubber","temperature"],"price":18000,"price_min":18000,"price_max":18000,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":43378402308,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Engineering Elastomers 2003","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":18000,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-1-85957-369-3","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[]}],"images":["\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-369-3.jpg?v=1499914079"],"featured_image":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-369-3.jpg?v=1499914079","options":["Title"],"media":[{"alt":null,"id":361602744413,"position":1,"preview_image":{"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"width":345,"src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-369-3.jpg?v=1499914079"},"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"media_type":"image","src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-85957-369-3.jpg?v=1499914079","width":345}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: Geneva, Switzerland, 13-14 November 2003 \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-85957-369-3 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003epages 210\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nEngineering or specialty elastomers are the stalwart materials of the rubber industry. They are high volume and medium priced elastomers, often employed in demanding applications, such as the automotive, industrial, medical and electrical industries. The Engineering Elastomers 2003 conference had an exciting series of papers from authors in both Europe and the USA, addressing the opportunities for growth in engineering elastomers, as well as the challenges to producers and users operating in a rapidly changing competitive environment.\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eList of Papers\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSession 1 Market Review\u003cbr\u003ePaper 1 - Elastomers and Feedstocks: A Market Outlook\u003cbr\u003ePaper 2 - An Overview of the Engineering Elastomer Industry in 2003 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSession 2 Advances in Compounding and Production\u003cbr\u003ePaper 3 - Functionalisation of Polymers \u0026amp; Compatibilisation of Polymer Blends by a Novel Reactive Processing Approach\u003cbr\u003ePaper 4 - Precrosslinked Engineering Elastomers - What Are the Benefits? PAPER UNAVAILABLE AT TIME OF PRINT\u003cbr\u003ePaper 5 - High-Hardness Compounds in Papermill Roll Covers and the Role of Fillers Networking in their Dynamic Performance PAPER UNAVAILABLE AT TIME OF PRINT \u003cbr\u003ePaper 6 - Use of the NFM Iddon Cold Feed Extruder and Novel Low Temperature Curing EPDM to Reduce Processing and Curing Energy Consumption \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSession 3 Advances in Elastomers\u003cbr\u003ePaper 7 - Silicone Rubber – Looking Forward to the Next 60 Years!\u003cbr\u003ePaper 8 - Vistamaxx ™ - Novel Polyolefin Speciality Elastomers\u003cbr\u003ePaper 9 - HNBR - A Very Versatile Engineering Elastomer\u003cbr\u003ePaper 10 - Recent Progress in the Processing Performance of Compounds made with Viton® Fluoroelastomers PAPER UNAVAILABLE AT TIME OF PRINT \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSession 4 Additives and Vulcanising Agents\u003cbr\u003ePaper 11 - Lead-free Curing Systems for ECO – Comparison of Different Solutions\u003cbr\u003ePaper 12 - New High Purity Vulcanization Accelerator \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSession 5: Technologies and Materials Analysis\u003cbr\u003ePaper 13 - Analyses of Two-component Injected Parts\u003cbr\u003ePaper 14 - Rubber Fails in Tension - Mechanical Strength of Elastomeric Materials at Ambient and Elevated Temperatures \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSession 6: Developments In Production And Processing Technologies And Equipment\u003cbr\u003ePaper 15 - MIPs (Multi-Ingredient-Preweighs) unique improvements of process variation and dispersion by preblending chemicals\u003cbr\u003ePaper 16 - Latest Developments in Production Equipment, Moulds, and Automation for Processing of Engineering Elastomers\u003cbr\u003ePaper 17 - New Developments for the Optimisation of High Injection Moulded Elastomers Using 3D Simulation\u003cbr\u003ePaper 18 - Latest Developments in Thermal Balance Control in the Moulds \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSession 7 Inter-materials Competition\u003cbr\u003ePaper 19 - Weathersealing Sytems using Thermoplastic Vulcanizates and Thermoplastic Olefins\u003cbr\u003ePaper 20 - A unique closed cell sponge rubber material offering self-extinguishing and low smoke emission properties\u003cbr\u003ePaper 21 - Fluoroprene ™; A High Performance Fluorocarbon TPV \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSession 8 Developments In End Use Applications\u003cbr\u003ePaper 22 - Nordel® MG - “The Game Changer” - ... For TPV\u003cbr\u003ePaper 23 - Computer Aided Engineering of Elastomeric Components for Automobile Applications +++ PAPER UNAVAILABLE AT TIME OF PRINT +++\u003cbr\u003ePaper 24 eBusiness as Supporting Tool for Operation Excellence +++ PAPER UNAVAILABLE AT TIME OF PRINT +++\u003cbr\u003ePaper 25 - Elastomers in the Gas Industry in the Light of User Safety Requirements\u003cbr\u003ePaper 26 - Expanding the Applications of EPDM\/EPM Elastomers in the Pharmaceutical and Food Industries\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e"}
Mixing of Rubber, Clas...
$90.00
{"id":11242242628,"title":"Mixing of Rubber, Classic Rapra Reprints","handle":"978-1-84735-150-0","description":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: John M. Funt \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-84735-150-0 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ehard-backed\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nIntroducing the new 'Classic Rapra Reprint' Series. Mixing of Rubber is the first book in a series of Classic Rapra Reprints. We have searched our previously published and successful reference books, and found some real gems! The content is sure to be of interest to those in the Rubber Mixing Industry, both new to the industry and those more experience, all will benefit...\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSince the discovery of vulcanisation in the nineteenth century, rubber has been a major industrial product. From its inception, the use of vulcanising agents, reinforcing fillers and other additives has been a major feature of the rubber industry. Innumerable articles and texts attest to the chemist's skill in balancing the chemical and physical properties of the manufactured products.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMixing as a general operation may be considered as three basic processes occurring simultaneously. Simple mixing ensures that the mixture has a uniform composition throughout its bulk, at least when viewed on a scale large compared to the size of the individual particles. In the case of solids blending (Chapter 11), the particle size need not change, but the distribution of particles throughout the mixture approaches a random distribution. If the shear forces are sufficiently large, particles may fracture, as in dispersive mixing, and the polymer may flow, as in laminar mixing (Chapter 111). In both of these processes, the size of the original particles or fluid elements changes because of the mixing process. Then the properties of the mixture depending upon the size of the basic structures reached during mixing.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn the case of laminar mixing, the size may be the striation thickness of a hypothetical fluid element, which is inversely related to the total shear strain. If relatively strong particles, or aggregates of particles, are present, these must be reduced in size by the action of forces generated by flow in the mixer. Then the size is the actual additive particle size.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe relative balance between the importance of these three processes in determining the efficiency of mixing and the product quality depends upon the attraction between additive particles, the rubber flow properties, the geometry of the mixer and the operating conditions such as temperature, mixing time and rotor speed.\u003cbr\u003eThe interaction of operating conditions, raw material properties and the quality of mixing can be a formidable phenomenon to analyse. However, in many cases, a number of simplifying assumptions about the operation can be made.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n1. Introduction\u003cbr\u003e2. Blending of Particles\u003cbr\u003e3. Laminar and Dispersive Mixing (Sample Chapter - click on link above)\u003cbr\u003e4. The Milling of Rubbers\u003cbr\u003e5. Internal Mixers\u003cbr\u003e6. Continuous Mixers\u003cbr\u003e7. Powdered Rubbers","published_at":"2017-06-22T21:14:51-04:00","created_at":"2017-06-22T21:14:51-04:00","vendor":"Chemtec Publishing","type":"Book","tags":["2009","blending","book","dispersive mixing","laminar mixing","mixers","mixing rubber","r-compounding","rubber"],"price":9000,"price_min":9000,"price_max":9000,"available":true,"price_varies":false,"compare_at_price":null,"compare_at_price_min":0,"compare_at_price_max":0,"compare_at_price_varies":false,"variants":[{"id":43378443652,"title":"Default Title","option1":"Default Title","option2":null,"option3":null,"sku":"","requires_shipping":true,"taxable":true,"featured_image":null,"available":true,"name":"Mixing of Rubber, Classic Rapra Reprints","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":9000,"weight":1000,"compare_at_price":null,"inventory_quantity":1,"inventory_management":null,"inventory_policy":"continue","barcode":"978-1-84735-150-0","requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_allocations":[]}],"images":["\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-84735-150-0.jpg?v=1499727686"],"featured_image":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-84735-150-0.jpg?v=1499727686","options":["Title"],"media":[{"alt":null,"id":358513475677,"position":1,"preview_image":{"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"width":345,"src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-84735-150-0.jpg?v=1499727686"},"aspect_ratio":0.767,"height":450,"media_type":"image","src":"\/\/chemtec.org\/cdn\/shop\/products\/978-1-84735-150-0.jpg?v=1499727686","width":345}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003ch5\u003eDescription\u003c\/h5\u003e\nAuthor: John M. Funt \u003cbr\u003eISBN 978-1-84735-150-0 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ehard-backed\n\u003ch5\u003eSummary\u003c\/h5\u003e\nIntroducing the new 'Classic Rapra Reprint' Series. Mixing of Rubber is the first book in a series of Classic Rapra Reprints. We have searched our previously published and successful reference books, and found some real gems! The content is sure to be of interest to those in the Rubber Mixing Industry, both new to the industry and those more experience, all will benefit...\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSince the discovery of vulcanisation in the nineteenth century, rubber has been a major industrial product. From its inception, the use of vulcanising agents, reinforcing fillers and other additives has been a major feature of the rubber industry. Innumerable articles and texts attest to the chemist's skill in balancing the chemical and physical properties of the manufactured products.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMixing as a general operation may be considered as three basic processes occurring simultaneously. Simple mixing ensures that the mixture has a uniform composition throughout its bulk, at least when viewed on a scale large compared to the size of the individual particles. In the case of solids blending (Chapter 11), the particle size need not change, but the distribution of particles throughout the mixture approaches a random distribution. If the shear forces are sufficiently large, particles may fracture, as in dispersive mixing, and the polymer may flow, as in laminar mixing (Chapter 111). In both of these processes, the size of the original particles or fluid elements changes because of the mixing process. Then the properties of the mixture depending upon the size of the basic structures reached during mixing.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn the case of laminar mixing, the size may be the striation thickness of a hypothetical fluid element, which is inversely related to the total shear strain. If relatively strong particles, or aggregates of particles, are present, these must be reduced in size by the action of forces generated by flow in the mixer. Then the size is the actual additive particle size.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe relative balance between the importance of these three processes in determining the efficiency of mixing and the product quality depends upon the attraction between additive particles, the rubber flow properties, the geometry of the mixer and the operating conditions such as temperature, mixing time and rotor speed.\u003cbr\u003eThe interaction of operating conditions, raw material properties and the quality of mixing can be a formidable phenomenon to analyse. However, in many cases, a number of simplifying assumptions about the operation can be made.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h5\u003e\n1. Introduction\u003cbr\u003e2. Blending of Particles\u003cbr\u003e3. Laminar and Dispersive Mixing (Sample Chapter - click on link above)\u003cbr\u003e4. The Milling of Rubbers\u003cbr\u003e5. Internal Mixers\u003cbr\u003e6. Continuous Mixers\u003cbr\u003e7. Powdered Rubbers"}