Handbook of Thermoplastic Elastomers
1 Introduction
1.1 Elasticity and Elastomers
1.2 Thermoplastic Elastomers
2 Brief History of Thermoplastic Elastomers
3 Additives
3.1 Antioxidants
3.2 Light Stabilizers
3.3 Nucleating Agents
3.4 Flame Retardants
3.5 Colorants
3.6 Antistatic Agents
3.7 Slip Agents
3.8 Antiblocking Agents
3.9 Processing Aids
3.10 Fillers and Reinforcements
3.11 Plasticizers
3.12 Other Additives
3.13 Selection of Additives
3.14 Health, Hygiene, and Safety
4 Processing Methods Applicable to Thermoplastic Elastomers
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Mixing and Blending
4.3 Extrusion
4.4 Injection Molding
4.5 Compression Molding
4.6 Transfer Molding
4.7 Blow Molding
4.8 Rotational Molding
4.9 Foaming of Thermoplastics
4.10 Thermoforming
4.11 Calendering
4.12 Secondary Manufacturing Processes
4.13 General Processing Technology of TPEs
4.14 Process Simulation
4.15 Product Development and Testing
5 Styrenic Block Copolymers
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Polystyrene– Polydiene Block Copolymers
5.3 SBCs Synthesized by Carbocationic Polymerization
6 Thermoplastic Elastomers Prepared by Dynamic Vulcanization
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Dynamic Vulcanization Process
6.3 Properties of Blends Prepared by Dynamic Vulcanization
6.4 Processing and Fabrication of TPVs
7 Polyolefin-Based Thermoplastic Elastomers
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Thermoplastic Polyolefin Blends
7.3 Morphology
7.4 Properties of TPOs
7.5 Processing of TPOs
7.6 Painting of TPOs
8 Thermoplastic Elastomers Based on Halogen-Containing Polyolefins
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Blends of PVC with Nitrile Rubber (NBR)
8.3 Blends of PVC with Other Elastomers
8.4 Melt-Processable Rubber
8.5 Thermoplastic Fluorocarbon Elastomer
9 Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Synthesis of TPUs
9.3 Morphology
9.4 Thermal Transitions
9.5 Properties
9.6 Processing of TPUs
9.7 Blends of TPU with Other Polymers
9.8 Bonding and Welding
10 Thermoplastic Elastomers Based on Polyamides
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Synthesis
10.3 Morphology
10.4 Structure– Property Relationships
10.5 Physical and Mechanical Properties
10.6 Chemical and Solvent Resistance
10.7 Electrical Properties
10.8 Other Properties
10.9 Compounding
10.10 Processing
10.11 Bonding and Welding
11 Thermoplastic Polyether Ester Elastomers
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Synthesis
11.3 Morphology
11.4 Properties of Commercial COPEs
11.5 COPE Blends
11.6 Processing
12 Ionomeric Thermoplastic Elastomers
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Synthesis
12.3 Morphology
12.4 Properties and Processing
13 Other Thermoplastic Elastomers
13.1 Elastomeric Star Block Copolymers
13.2 TPEs Based on Interpenetrating Networks
13.3 TPE Based on Polyacrylates
14 Thermoplastic Elastomers Based on Recycled Rubber and Plastics
14.1 Introduction
14.2 EPDM Scrap
14.3 Butadiene-acrylonitrile Rubber (NBR) Scrap
14.4 Recycled Rubber
14.5 Waste Latex
14.6 Waste Plastics
15 Applications of Thermoplastic Elastomers
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Applications for Styrenic TPEs
15.3 Applications of Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPVs) and ETPVs
15.4 Applications of Thermoplastic Polyolefin Elastomers (TPOs)
15.5 Applications of Melt-Processable Rubber (MPR)
15.6 Applications of PVC Blends
15.7 Application of TPUs
15.8 Application of Thermoplastic Polyether Ester Elastomers
15.9 Applications of Polyamide TPEs
15.10 Applications of Ionomeric TPEs
15.11 Applications of Other TPEs
16 Recycling of Thermoplastic Elastomers
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Recycling Methods for Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPEs)
17 Recent Developments and Trends
17.1 Current State
17.2 Drivers for the Growth of TPEs
17.3 Trends in Technical Development
17.4 Other New Developments
Appendix 1: Books, Conferences, Major Review Articles
Appendix 2: Major Suppliers of Thermoplastic Elastomers and Compounds
Appendix 3: ISO Nomenclature for Thermoplastic Elastomers
Appendix 4: Processing Data Sheets for Commercial Thermoplastic Elastomers and Compounds
Appendix 5: Technical Data Sheets for Commercial Thermoplastic Elastomers and Compounds
Appendix 6: Recent TPE Patents
Glossary
Index
Thermoplastic elastomers are one of the most in-demand groups of materials today. Their most attractive feature is that they can be processed like plastics, yet they exhibit properties that are close to vulcanized rubber. Consequently, they can be produced in a highly cost-effective way, using short production cycles, with a considerably reduced energy consumption, and minimum production scrap. Moreover, because they are thermoplastics, production scrap as well as post-consumer scrap can be easily recycled.
This unique practical reference work compiles in one place the current working knowledge of chemistry, processing, physical and mechanical properties, as well as applications of thermoplastic elastomers. Because of the great number of thermoplastic elastomers and the variety of chemistries involved, the work is divided into chapters describing individual commercial groups. A significant part of this book is dedicated to processing methods, applications, and material data sheets. Chapters on processing methods and applications are enhanced with ample illustrations. Each chapter includes a comprehensive list of references for a more in-depth study. Other features are a list of current suppliers, ISO nomenclature, an extensive bibliography, a list of recent patents and a glossary of terms. The work is concluded by a chapter on newest developments and trends.
This unique practical reference work compiles in one place the current working knowledge of chemistry, processing, physical and mechanical properties, as well as applications of thermoplastic elastomers. Because of the great number of thermoplastic elastomers and the variety of chemistries involved, the work is divided into chapters describing individual commercial groups. A significant part of this book is dedicated to processing methods, applications, and material data sheets. Chapters on processing methods and applications are enhanced with ample illustrations. Each chapter includes a comprehensive list of references for a more in-depth study. Other features are a list of current suppliers, ISO nomenclature, an extensive bibliography, a list of recent patents and a glossary of terms. The work is concluded by a chapter on newest developments and trends.
1 Introduction
1.1 Elasticity and Elastomers
1.2 Thermoplastic Elastomers
2 Brief History of Thermoplastic Elastomers
3 Additives
3.1 Antioxidants
3.2 Light Stabilizers
3.3 Nucleating Agents
3.4 Flame Retardants
3.5 Colorants
3.6 Antistatic Agents
3.7 Slip Agents
3.8 Antiblocking Agents
3.9 Processing Aids
3.10 Fillers and Reinforcements
3.11 Plasticizers
3.12 Other Additives
3.13 Selection of Additives
3.14 Health, Hygiene, and Safety
4 Processing Methods Applicable to Thermoplastic Elastomers
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Mixing and Blending
4.3 Extrusion
4.4 Injection Molding
4.5 Compression Molding
4.6 Transfer Molding
4.7 Blow Molding
4.8 Rotational Molding
4.9 Foaming of Thermoplastics
4.10 Thermoforming
4.11 Calendering
4.12 Secondary Manufacturing Processes
4.13 General Processing Technology of TPEs
4.14 Process Simulation
4.15 Product Development and Testing
5 Styrenic Block Copolymers
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Polystyrene– Polydiene Block Copolymers
5.3 SBCs Synthesized by Carbocationic Polymerization
6 Thermoplastic Elastomers Prepared by Dynamic Vulcanization
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Dynamic Vulcanization Process
6.3 Properties of Blends Prepared by Dynamic Vulcanization
6.4 Processing and Fabrication of TPVs
7 Polyolefin-Based Thermoplastic Elastomers
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Thermoplastic Polyolefin Blends
7.3 Morphology
7.4 Properties of TPOs
7.5 Processing of TPOs
7.6 Painting of TPOs
8 Thermoplastic Elastomers Based on Halogen-Containing Polyolefins
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Blends of PVC with Nitrile Rubber (NBR)
8.3 Blends of PVC with Other Elastomers
8.4 Melt-Processable Rubber
8.5 Thermoplastic Fluorocarbon Elastomer
9 Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Synthesis of TPUs
9.3 Morphology
9.4 Thermal Transitions
9.5 Properties
9.6 Processing of TPUs
9.7 Blends of TPU with Other Polymers
9.8 Bonding and Welding
10 Thermoplastic Elastomers Based on Polyamides
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Synthesis
10.3 Morphology
10.4 Structure– Property Relationships
10.5 Physical and Mechanical Properties
10.6 Chemical and Solvent Resistance
10.7 Electrical Properties
10.8 Other Properties
10.9 Compounding
10.10 Processing
10.11 Bonding and Welding
11 Thermoplastic Polyether Ester Elastomers
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Synthesis
11.3 Morphology
11.4 Properties of Commercial COPEs
11.5 COPE Blends
11.6 Processing
12 Ionomeric Thermoplastic Elastomers
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Synthesis
12.3 Morphology
12.4 Properties and Processing
13 Other Thermoplastic Elastomers
13.1 Elastomeric Star Block Copolymers
13.2 TPEs Based on Interpenetrating Networks
13.3 TPE Based on Polyacrylates
14 Thermoplastic Elastomers Based on Recycled Rubber and Plastics
14.1 Introduction
14.2 EPDM Scrap
14.3 Butadiene-acrylonitrile Rubber (NBR) Scrap
14.4 Recycled Rubber
14.5 Waste Latex
14.6 Waste Plastics
15 Applications of Thermoplastic Elastomers
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Applications for Styrenic TPEs
15.3 Applications of Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPVs) and ETPVs
15.4 Applications of Thermoplastic Polyolefin Elastomers (TPOs)
15.5 Applications of Melt-Processable Rubber (MPR)
15.6 Applications of PVC Blends
15.7 Application of TPUs
15.8 Application of Thermoplastic Polyether Ester Elastomers
15.9 Applications of Polyamide TPEs
15.10 Applications of Ionomeric TPEs
15.11 Applications of Other TPEs
16 Recycling of Thermoplastic Elastomers
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Recycling Methods for Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPEs)
17 Recent Developments and Trends
17.1 Current State
17.2 Drivers for the Growth of TPEs
17.3 Trends in Technical Development
17.4 Other New Developments
Appendix 1: Books, Conferences, Major Review Articles
Appendix 2: Major Suppliers of Thermoplastic Elastomers and Compounds
Appendix 3: ISO Nomenclature for Thermoplastic Elastomers
Appendix 4: Processing Data Sheets for Commercial Thermoplastic Elastomers and Compounds
Appendix 5: Technical Data Sheets for Commercial Thermoplastic Elastomers and Compounds
Appendix 6: Recent TPE Patents
Glossary
Index
Drobny Polymer Associates, Inc.
Jiri George Drobny is a world renowned authority in the field of thermoplastic elastomers. His career spans over 40 years in the rubber and plastic processing industries in worldwide. He has been sought after for his multifaceted contributions to the field as an educator, lecturer, prolific author, and esteemed consultant.
Jiri George Drobny is a world renowned authority in the field of thermoplastic elastomers. His career spans over 40 years in the rubber and plastic processing industries in worldwide. He has been sought after for his multifaceted contributions to the field as an educator, lecturer, prolific author, and esteemed consultant.