Handbook of Plasticizers, 2nd Edition
Handbook of Plasticizers, 2nd Edition
Author: George Wypych Editor
ISBN 978-1-895198-50-8
Pages 748, Tables 114, Figures 416, References 3876
ISBN 978-1-895198-50-8
Pages 748, Tables 114, Figures 416, References 3876
$285.00
This book contains the comprehensive review of information available in open literature, such as published scientific papers, information from plasticizer manufacturers, and patent literature. The book contains information from the most recent sources and updated information from the previous edition.
The information available today permits to use plasticizers more effectively and to avoid certain plasticizers in applications where they may cause health or material durability problems. Plasticizer incorporation demands a broad background of information because plasticizers are now added to complex mixtures containing the variety of materials which may have different reactions to the presence of plasticizers. Plasticizer's choice is also not simple because there is a large selection of commercial plasticizers and various environmental issues dictating preferred solutions.
Both aspects considered indicate the need for a comprehensive source which, using currently available means of the computerized database should provide data and a broad background of theoretical information in the condensed form easy to search.
All numerical data are in the form of database (see information on Plasticizer Database which is a separate publication), whereas the theoretical component of information is given in the traditional form of a printed book.
Twenty one chapters are included in Handbook of Plasticizers. Full Table of Contents is also available for review. Only some chapters are discussed here to add more information which may not be obvious from the table of contents.
Data are available for a large number of commercial plasticizers. This data is used in Chapter 2 to specify typical properties of plasticizers which belong to one of the groups and also to give ranges of expected properties for a given group.
Chapters 5, 6 and 7 contain new and historical approaches, which explain mechanisms of plasticizers action and their behavior in plasticized systems. This theoretical background helps to understand practical observations and provides guidance to the methods of material improvement. Chapter 9 shows plasticization steps and results of various analytical studies which help in understanding these steps and parameters which may control them.
Twenty five Sections of Chapter 10 discuss plasticizers effect on physical and mechanical properties of plasticized materials. These sections are essential for understanding the behavior of materials and principles of their formulation.
Chapter 11 contains data on the use of plasticizers in 61 groups of polymers. The information is grouped under the following sections – Frequently used plasticizers, Practical concentrations, Main functions performed by plasticizers, Mechanism of plasticizer action, Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives, and Typical formulations. Use of such consistent method of data presentation helps to find information quickly and to compare data from various sources and applications.
Similar, Chapter 13 discusses the use of plasticizers in 34 groups of products according to a similar breakdown including Plasticizer types, Plasticizer concentration, Reasons for plasticizer use, Advantages and disadvantages of plasticizers use, Effect of plasticizers on product properties, and Examples of formulations. Both chapters make use of a large number of patents and information in open literature discussing the most current findings and trends.
In Chapter 14 attempts are being made to discuss the following topics: Effect of plasticizers on process conditions, Processing defects formation and elimination with use of plasticizers, Influence of rheological changes on the process, Equipment maintenance, and Energy consumption. This chapter discusses 15 methods of polymer and rubber processing.
Several chapters which follow discuss various aspects of plasticizer effect on health, safety, and environment. Chapter 17 contains opinions of renowned experts on various aspects of plasticizers effect on health and safety. Chapter 18 contains information on plasticizers persistence in soil and water. Plasticizers releases and their presence in the environment are discussed for many important commercial plasticizers.
This short review and the Table of Contents show that this book is the most comprehensive source of current information on plasticizers. Plasticizers are used in so many products that every library should have this reference source of information on plasticizers readily available for its readers. Especially considering that so many aspects of application plasticizers have recently changed that older books cannot provide right answers. This book should be used in conjunction with Plasticizer Database which gives information on the present status and properties of industrial and research plasticizers.
The information available today permits to use plasticizers more effectively and to avoid certain plasticizers in applications where they may cause health or material durability problems. Plasticizer incorporation demands a broad background of information because plasticizers are now added to complex mixtures containing the variety of materials which may have different reactions to the presence of plasticizers. Plasticizer's choice is also not simple because there is a large selection of commercial plasticizers and various environmental issues dictating preferred solutions.
Both aspects considered indicate the need for a comprehensive source which, using currently available means of the computerized database should provide data and a broad background of theoretical information in the condensed form easy to search.
All numerical data are in the form of database (see information on Plasticizer Database which is a separate publication), whereas the theoretical component of information is given in the traditional form of a printed book.
Twenty one chapters are included in Handbook of Plasticizers. Full Table of Contents is also available for review. Only some chapters are discussed here to add more information which may not be obvious from the table of contents.
Data are available for a large number of commercial plasticizers. This data is used in Chapter 2 to specify typical properties of plasticizers which belong to one of the groups and also to give ranges of expected properties for a given group.
Chapters 5, 6 and 7 contain new and historical approaches, which explain mechanisms of plasticizers action and their behavior in plasticized systems. This theoretical background helps to understand practical observations and provides guidance to the methods of material improvement. Chapter 9 shows plasticization steps and results of various analytical studies which help in understanding these steps and parameters which may control them.
Twenty five Sections of Chapter 10 discuss plasticizers effect on physical and mechanical properties of plasticized materials. These sections are essential for understanding the behavior of materials and principles of their formulation.
Chapter 11 contains data on the use of plasticizers in 61 groups of polymers. The information is grouped under the following sections – Frequently used plasticizers, Practical concentrations, Main functions performed by plasticizers, Mechanism of plasticizer action, Effect of plasticizers on polymer and other additives, and Typical formulations. Use of such consistent method of data presentation helps to find information quickly and to compare data from various sources and applications.
Similar, Chapter 13 discusses the use of plasticizers in 34 groups of products according to a similar breakdown including Plasticizer types, Plasticizer concentration, Reasons for plasticizer use, Advantages and disadvantages of plasticizers use, Effect of plasticizers on product properties, and Examples of formulations. Both chapters make use of a large number of patents and information in open literature discussing the most current findings and trends.
In Chapter 14 attempts are being made to discuss the following topics: Effect of plasticizers on process conditions, Processing defects formation and elimination with use of plasticizers, Influence of rheological changes on the process, Equipment maintenance, and Energy consumption. This chapter discusses 15 methods of polymer and rubber processing.
Several chapters which follow discuss various aspects of plasticizer effect on health, safety, and environment. Chapter 17 contains opinions of renowned experts on various aspects of plasticizers effect on health and safety. Chapter 18 contains information on plasticizers persistence in soil and water. Plasticizers releases and their presence in the environment are discussed for many important commercial plasticizers.
This short review and the Table of Contents show that this book is the most comprehensive source of current information on plasticizers. Plasticizers are used in so many products that every library should have this reference source of information on plasticizers readily available for its readers. Especially considering that so many aspects of application plasticizers have recently changed that older books cannot provide right answers. This book should be used in conjunction with Plasticizer Database which gives information on the present status and properties of industrial and research plasticizers.
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Historical developments
1.2 Expectations from plasticizers
1.3 Definitions
1.4 Classification
2 PLASTICIZER TYPES
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Characteristic properties of industrial plasticizers
2.2.1 Abietates
2.2.2 Adipates
2.2.3 Alkyl sulfonates
2.2.4 Amides and amines
2.2.5 Azelates
2.2.6 Benzoates
2.2.7 Bioplasticizers
2.2.8 Biodegradable plasticizers
2.2.9 Chlorinated paraffins
2.2.10 Citrates
2.2.11 Cycloxehane dicarboxylate
2.2.12 Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, diisononyl ester
Max Kron
2.2.13 Energetic plasticizers
2.2.14 Epoxides
2.2.15 Esters of C10-30 dicarboxylic acids
2.2.16 Ether-ester plasticizers
2.2.17 Glutarates
2.2.18 Hydrocarbon oils
2.2.19 Isobutyrates
2.2.20 Maleates
2.2.21 Oleates
2.2.22 Pentaerythritol derivatives
2.2.23 Phosphates
2.2.24 Phthalate-free plasticizers
2.2.25 Phthalates
2.2.26 Polymeric plasticizers
2.2.27 Ricinoleates
2.2.28 Sebacates
2.2.29 Sulfonamides
2.2.30 Superplasticizers and plasticizers for concrete
2.2.31 Tri- and pyromellitates
2.2.32 Other plasticizers
2.3 Methods of synthesis and their effect on properties of plasticizers
2.4 Reactive plasticizers and internal
3 TYPICAL METHODS OF QUALITY CONTROL OF PLASTICIZERS
3.1 Abbreviations, terminology, and vocabulary
3.2 Acid number
3.3 Aging studies
3.4 Ash
3.5 Brittleness temperature
3.6 Brookfield viscosity
3.7 Chemical resistance
3.8 Color
3.9 Compatibility
3.10 Compression set
3.11 Concrete additives
3.12 Electrical properties
3.13 Extractable matter
3.14 Flash and fire point
3.15 Fogging
3.16 Fusion
3.17 Gas chromatography
3.18 Hardness
3.19 Infrared analysis of plasticizers
3.20 Kinematic viscosity
3.21 Marking (classification)
3.22 Melt rheology
3.23 Migration
3.24 Poly(vinyl chloride) – standard specification
3.25 Powder-mix time
3.26 Purity
3.27 Refractive index
3.28 Residual contamination
3.29 Sampling
3.30 Saponification value
3.31 Saybolt viscosity
3.32 Sorption of plasticizer
3.33 Specific gravity
3.34 Specification
3.35 Staining
3.36 Stiffness
3.37 Tensile properties
3.38 Thermal expansion coefficient
3.39 Unsaponifiable contents
3.40 Viscosity of plastisols and organosols
3.41 Water concentration
3.42 Weight
4 TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE
4.1 Transportation
4.2 Storage
5 MECHANISMS OF PLASTICIZERS ACTION
A. Marcilla and M. Beltrán
5.1 Classical theories
5.1.1 The lubricity theory
5.1.2 The gel theory
5.1.3 Moorshead's empirical approach
5.2 The free volume theory
5.2.1 Mathematical models
6 THEORIES OF COMPATIBILITY
Valery Yu. Senichev and Vasiliy V. Tereshatov
6.1 Compatibility concepts
6.1.1 Thermodynamic treatment
6.1.2 Interaction parameter
6.1.3 Effect of chemical structure of plasticizers and matrix
6.2 Solubility parameter and the cohesive energy density
6.2.1 Solubility parameter concept
6.2.2 Experimental evaluation of solubility parameters of plasticizers
6.2.3 Methods of experimental evaluation and calculation of solubility parameters of polymers
6.2.4 The methods of calculation of solubility parameters
6.2.5 Multi-dimensional approaches
6.3 Methods of plasticizer selection based on principles of compatibility
6.3.1 How much plasticizer is necessary for a polymer composition?
6.3.2 Initial experimental estimation of compatibility
6.3.3 Thermodynamic compatibility
6.4 Practical approaches in using theory of compatibility for plasticizers selection
6.5 Experimental data illustrating effect of compatibility on plasticized systems
6.5.1 Influence of compatibility on the physical stability of the plasticized polymer
6.5.2 Influence of compatibility on viscosity of the plasticized composition
6.5.3 Influence of compatibility on mechanical properties and physical properties of plasticized polymer
7 PLASTICIZER MOTION AND DIFFUSION
7.1 Plasticizer diffusion rate and the methods of study
7.2 Plasticizer motion and distribution in matrix
7.3 Plasticizer migration
7.4 Plasticizer distribution of materials in contact
Vasiliy V Tereshatov and Valery Yu Senichev
7.5 Antiplasticization
7.6 Effect of diffusion and mobility of plasticizers on their
8 EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS ON OTHER COMPONENTS OF FORMULATION
8.1 Plasticizer consumption by fillers
8.2 Solubility of additives in plasticizers
8.3 Additive molecular mobility and transport in the presence of plasticizers
8.4 Effect of plasticizers on polymerization and curing reactions
9 PLASTICIZATION STEPS
A. Marcilla, J. C. García, and M. Beltrán
9.1 Plasticization steps
9.2 Studies of plastisol's behavior during gelation and fusion
9.2.1 Rheological characterization
9.2.2 Studies by scanning electron microscopy
9.2.3 Study of polymer-plasticizer interactions by DSC
9.2.4 Study of polymer-plasticizer interactions by SALS
9.2.5 Study of polymer-plasticizer interactions by FTIR
9.2.6 Study of polymer-plasticizer interactions by
10 EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS ON PROPERTIES OF PLASTICIZED MATERIALS
10.1 Mechanical properties
10.1.1 Tensile strength
10.1.2 Elongation
10.1.3 Hardness
10.1.4 Toughness, stiffness, ductility, modulus
10.1.5 Other mechanical properties
10.2 Optical properties
10.3 Spectral properties
10.4 Gloss
10.5 Sound
10.6 Rheological properties
Juan Carlos Garcia, and Antonio Francisco Marcilla
10.6.1 Torque measurement in mixers
10.6.2 Capillary viscometers
10.6.3 Dynamic experiments
10.6.4 Rheology of PVC plastisols
10.7 Magnetorheological properties
10.8 Electrical properties
10.9 Influence of plasticizers on the glass transition temperature of polymers
Valery Yu Senichev and Vasiliy V Tereshatov
10.10 Flammability and smoke formation in the presence of plasticizers
10.11 Thermal degradation
10.11.1 Thermal degradation of plasticizer
10.11.2 Effect of polymer degradation products on plasticizers
10.11.3 Effect of plasticizer degradation products on polymer degradation
10.11.4 Loss of plasticizer from material due to the chemical decomposition reactions and evaporation
10.11.5 Effect of plasticizers on the thermal degradation of material
10.12 Effect of UV and ionized radiation on plasticized materials
10.13 Hydrolysis
10.14 Biodegradation in the presence of plasticizers
10.15 Crystallization, structure, and orientation of macromolecules
10.16 Morphology
10.17 Plasticizer effect on contact with other materials
10.18 Influence of plasticizers on swelling of crosslinked elastomers
Vasiliy V. Tereshatov, Valery Yu. Senichev
10.18.1 Change of elastic properties of elastomers on swelling in liquids of different polarity
10.18.2 Influence of swelling on viscoelastic properties of crosslinked amorphous elastomers
10.18.3 Influence of swelling on tensile strength and critical strain of elastic materials
10.19 The swelling of nano-heterogenous coatings in plasticizers
Vasiliy V.Tereshatov, Valery Yu. Senichev, Marina A. Makarova
10.20 Peculiarities of plasticization of polyurethanes by binary plasticizers
Vasiliy V. Tereshatov, Valery Yu. Senichev, Vladimir N. Strel'nikov,
Elsa N. Tereshatova, Marina A. Makarova
10.21 Self-healing
10.22 Shrinkage
10.23 Soiling
10.24 Free volume
10.25 Effect of plasticizers on other properties
11 PLASTICIZERS USE AND SELECTION FOR SPECIFIC POLYMERS
11.1 ABS
11.2 Acrylics
11.3 Bromobutyl rubber
11.4 Butyl terpolymer
11.5 Cellulose acetate
11.6 Cellulose butyrates and propionates
11.7 Cellulose nitrate
11.8 Chitosan
11.9 Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
11.10 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene
11.11 Copolymers
11.12 Cyanoacrylates
11.13 Ethylcellulose
11.14 Ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer, EPDM
11.15 Epoxy resin
11.16 Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVA
11.17 Ionomers
11.18 Nitrile rubber
11.19 Perfluoropolymers
11.20 Polyacrylonitrile
11.21 Polyamide
11.22 Polyamine
11.23 Polyaniline
11.24 Polybutadiene
11.25 Polybutylene
11.26 Poly(butyl methacrylate)
11.27 Polycarbonate
11.28 Polyester
11.29 Polyetherimide
11.30 Polyethylacrylate
11.31 Polyethylene
11.32 Poly(ethylene oxide)
11.33 Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
11.34 Polyisobutylene
11.35 Polyisoprene
11.36 Polyimide
11.37 Polylactide
11.38 Polymethylmethacrylate
11.39 Polypropylene
11.40 Poly(propylene carbonate)
11.41 Poly(N-vinylcarbazole)
11.42 Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)
11.43 Poly(phenylene ether)
11.44 Poly(phenylene sulfide)
11.45 Polystyrene
11.46 Polysulfide
11.47 Polysulfone
11.48 Polyurethanes
Vasiliy Tereshatov V., Valery Senichev Yu., Elsa Tereshatova N., Marina Makarova A.
11.49 Polyvinylacetate
11.50 Polyvinylalcohol
11.51 Polyvinylbutyral
11.52 Polyvinylchloride
11.53 Polyvinyl fluoride
11.54 Polyvinylidenefluoride
11.55 Polyvinylidenechloride
11.56 Proteins
11.57 Rubber, natural
11.58 Silicone
11.59 Styrene-butadiene rubber
11.60 Styrene-butadiene-styrene rubber
11.61 Starch
12 PLASTICIZERS IN POLYMER BLENDS
12.1 Plasticizer partition between component polymers
12.2 Interaction of plasticizers with blend components
12.3 Effect of plasticizers on blend properties
12.4 Blending to reduce or to replace plasticizers
13 PLASTICIZERS IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
13.1 Adhesives and sealants
13.2 Aerospace
13.3 Agriculture
13.4 Automotive applications
13.5 Cementitious materials
13.6 Coated fabrics
13.7 Composites
13.8 Cosmetics
13.9 Cultural heritage
13.10 Dental materials
13.11 Electrical and electronics
13.12 Fibers
13.13 Film
13.14 Food
13.15 Flooring
13.16 Foams
13.17 Footwear
13.18 Fuel cells
13.19 Gaskets
13.20 Household products
13.21 Inks, varnishes, and lacquers
13.22 Medical applications
13.23 Membranes
13.24 Microspheres
13.25 Paints and coatings
13.26 Pharmaceutical products
13.27 Photographic materials
13.28 es
13.29 Roofing materials
13.30 Tires
13.31 Toys
A. Marcilla
1.1 Historical developments
1.2 Expectations from plasticizers
1.3 Definitions
1.4 Classification
2 PLASTICIZER TYPES
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Characteristic properties of industrial plasticizers
2.2.1 Abietates
2.2.2 Adipates
2.2.3 Alkyl sulfonates
2.2.4 Amides and amines
2.2.5 Azelates
2.2.6 Benzoates
2.2.7 Bioplasticizers
2.2.8 Biodegradable plasticizers
2.2.9 Chlorinated paraffins
2.2.10 Citrates
2.2.11 Cycloxehane dicarboxylate
2.2.12 Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, diisononyl ester
Max Kron
2.2.13 Energetic plasticizers
2.2.14 Epoxides
2.2.15 Esters of C10-30 dicarboxylic acids
2.2.16 Ether-ester plasticizers
2.2.17 Glutarates
2.2.18 Hydrocarbon oils
2.2.19 Isobutyrates
2.2.20 Maleates
2.2.21 Oleates
2.2.22 Pentaerythritol derivatives
2.2.23 Phosphates
2.2.24 Phthalate-free plasticizers
2.2.25 Phthalates
2.2.26 Polymeric plasticizers
2.2.27 Ricinoleates
2.2.28 Sebacates
2.2.29 Sulfonamides
2.2.30 Superplasticizers and plasticizers for concrete
2.2.31 Tri- and pyromellitates
2.2.32 Other plasticizers
2.3 Methods of synthesis and their effect on properties of plasticizers
2.4 Reactive plasticizers and internal
3 TYPICAL METHODS OF QUALITY CONTROL OF PLASTICIZERS
3.1 Abbreviations, terminology, and vocabulary
3.2 Acid number
3.3 Aging studies
3.4 Ash
3.5 Brittleness temperature
3.6 Brookfield viscosity
3.7 Chemical resistance
3.8 Color
3.9 Compatibility
3.10 Compression set
3.11 Concrete additives
3.12 Electrical properties
3.13 Extractable matter
3.14 Flash and fire point
3.15 Fogging
3.16 Fusion
3.17 Gas chromatography
3.18 Hardness
3.19 Infrared analysis of plasticizers
3.20 Kinematic viscosity
3.21 Marking (classification)
3.22 Melt rheology
3.23 Migration
3.24 Poly(vinyl chloride) – standard specification
3.25 Powder-mix time
3.26 Purity
3.27 Refractive index
3.28 Residual contamination
3.29 Sampling
3.30 Saponification value
3.31 Saybolt viscosity
3.32 Sorption of plasticizer
3.33 Specific gravity
3.34 Specification
3.35 Staining
3.36 Stiffness
3.37 Tensile properties
3.38 Thermal expansion coefficient
3.39 Unsaponifiable contents
3.40 Viscosity of plastisols and organosols
3.41 Water concentration
3.42 Weight
4 TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE
4.1 Transportation
4.2 Storage
5 MECHANISMS OF PLASTICIZERS ACTION
A. Marcilla and M. Beltrán
5.1 Classical theories
5.1.1 The lubricity theory
5.1.2 The gel theory
5.1.3 Moorshead's empirical approach
5.2 The free volume theory
5.2.1 Mathematical models
6 THEORIES OF COMPATIBILITY
Valery Yu. Senichev and Vasiliy V. Tereshatov
6.1 Compatibility concepts
6.1.1 Thermodynamic treatment
6.1.2 Interaction parameter
6.1.3 Effect of chemical structure of plasticizers and matrix
6.2 Solubility parameter and the cohesive energy density
6.2.1 Solubility parameter concept
6.2.2 Experimental evaluation of solubility parameters of plasticizers
6.2.3 Methods of experimental evaluation and calculation of solubility parameters of polymers
6.2.4 The methods of calculation of solubility parameters
6.2.5 Multi-dimensional approaches
6.3 Methods of plasticizer selection based on principles of compatibility
6.3.1 How much plasticizer is necessary for a polymer composition?
6.3.2 Initial experimental estimation of compatibility
6.3.3 Thermodynamic compatibility
6.4 Practical approaches in using theory of compatibility for plasticizers selection
6.5 Experimental data illustrating effect of compatibility on plasticized systems
6.5.1 Influence of compatibility on the physical stability of the plasticized polymer
6.5.2 Influence of compatibility on viscosity of the plasticized composition
6.5.3 Influence of compatibility on mechanical properties and physical properties of plasticized polymer
7 PLASTICIZER MOTION AND DIFFUSION
7.1 Plasticizer diffusion rate and the methods of study
7.2 Plasticizer motion and distribution in matrix
7.3 Plasticizer migration
7.4 Plasticizer distribution of materials in contact
Vasiliy V Tereshatov and Valery Yu Senichev
7.5 Antiplasticization
7.6 Effect of diffusion and mobility of plasticizers on their
8 EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS ON OTHER COMPONENTS OF FORMULATION
8.1 Plasticizer consumption by fillers
8.2 Solubility of additives in plasticizers
8.3 Additive molecular mobility and transport in the presence of plasticizers
8.4 Effect of plasticizers on polymerization and curing reactions
9 PLASTICIZATION STEPS
A. Marcilla, J. C. García, and M. Beltrán
9.1 Plasticization steps
9.2 Studies of plastisol's behavior during gelation and fusion
9.2.1 Rheological characterization
9.2.2 Studies by scanning electron microscopy
9.2.3 Study of polymer-plasticizer interactions by DSC
9.2.4 Study of polymer-plasticizer interactions by SALS
9.2.5 Study of polymer-plasticizer interactions by FTIR
9.2.6 Study of polymer-plasticizer interactions by
10 EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS ON PROPERTIES OF PLASTICIZED MATERIALS
10.1 Mechanical properties
10.1.1 Tensile strength
10.1.2 Elongation
10.1.3 Hardness
10.1.4 Toughness, stiffness, ductility, modulus
10.1.5 Other mechanical properties
10.2 Optical properties
10.3 Spectral properties
10.4 Gloss
10.5 Sound
10.6 Rheological properties
Juan Carlos Garcia, and Antonio Francisco Marcilla
10.6.1 Torque measurement in mixers
10.6.2 Capillary viscometers
10.6.3 Dynamic experiments
10.6.4 Rheology of PVC plastisols
10.7 Magnetorheological properties
10.8 Electrical properties
10.9 Influence of plasticizers on the glass transition temperature of polymers
Valery Yu Senichev and Vasiliy V Tereshatov
10.10 Flammability and smoke formation in the presence of plasticizers
10.11 Thermal degradation
10.11.1 Thermal degradation of plasticizer
10.11.2 Effect of polymer degradation products on plasticizers
10.11.3 Effect of plasticizer degradation products on polymer degradation
10.11.4 Loss of plasticizer from material due to the chemical decomposition reactions and evaporation
10.11.5 Effect of plasticizers on the thermal degradation of material
10.12 Effect of UV and ionized radiation on plasticized materials
10.13 Hydrolysis
10.14 Biodegradation in the presence of plasticizers
10.15 Crystallization, structure, and orientation of macromolecules
10.16 Morphology
10.17 Plasticizer effect on contact with other materials
10.18 Influence of plasticizers on swelling of crosslinked elastomers
Vasiliy V. Tereshatov, Valery Yu. Senichev
10.18.1 Change of elastic properties of elastomers on swelling in liquids of different polarity
10.18.2 Influence of swelling on viscoelastic properties of crosslinked amorphous elastomers
10.18.3 Influence of swelling on tensile strength and critical strain of elastic materials
10.19 The swelling of nano-heterogenous coatings in plasticizers
Vasiliy V.Tereshatov, Valery Yu. Senichev, Marina A. Makarova
10.20 Peculiarities of plasticization of polyurethanes by binary plasticizers
Vasiliy V. Tereshatov, Valery Yu. Senichev, Vladimir N. Strel'nikov,
Elsa N. Tereshatova, Marina A. Makarova
10.21 Self-healing
10.22 Shrinkage
10.23 Soiling
10.24 Free volume
10.25 Effect of plasticizers on other properties
11 PLASTICIZERS USE AND SELECTION FOR SPECIFIC POLYMERS
11.1 ABS
11.2 Acrylics
11.3 Bromobutyl rubber
11.4 Butyl terpolymer
11.5 Cellulose acetate
11.6 Cellulose butyrates and propionates
11.7 Cellulose nitrate
11.8 Chitosan
11.9 Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
11.10 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene
11.11 Copolymers
11.12 Cyanoacrylates
11.13 Ethylcellulose
11.14 Ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer, EPDM
11.15 Epoxy resin
11.16 Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVA
11.17 Ionomers
11.18 Nitrile rubber
11.19 Perfluoropolymers
11.20 Polyacrylonitrile
11.21 Polyamide
11.22 Polyamine
11.23 Polyaniline
11.24 Polybutadiene
11.25 Polybutylene
11.26 Poly(butyl methacrylate)
11.27 Polycarbonate
11.28 Polyester
11.29 Polyetherimide
11.30 Polyethylacrylate
11.31 Polyethylene
11.32 Poly(ethylene oxide)
11.33 Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
11.34 Polyisobutylene
11.35 Polyisoprene
11.36 Polyimide
11.37 Polylactide
11.38 Polymethylmethacrylate
11.39 Polypropylene
11.40 Poly(propylene carbonate)
11.41 Poly(N-vinylcarbazole)
11.42 Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)
11.43 Poly(phenylene ether)
11.44 Poly(phenylene sulfide)
11.45 Polystyrene
11.46 Polysulfide
11.47 Polysulfone
11.48 Polyurethanes
Vasiliy Tereshatov V., Valery Senichev Yu., Elsa Tereshatova N., Marina Makarova A.
11.49 Polyvinylacetate
11.50 Polyvinylalcohol
11.51 Polyvinylbutyral
11.52 Polyvinylchloride
11.53 Polyvinyl fluoride
11.54 Polyvinylidenefluoride
11.55 Polyvinylidenechloride
11.56 Proteins
11.57 Rubber, natural
11.58 Silicone
11.59 Styrene-butadiene rubber
11.60 Styrene-butadiene-styrene rubber
11.61 Starch
12 PLASTICIZERS IN POLYMER BLENDS
12.1 Plasticizer partition between component polymers
12.2 Interaction of plasticizers with blend components
12.3 Effect of plasticizers on blend properties
12.4 Blending to reduce or to replace plasticizers
13 PLASTICIZERS IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
13.1 Adhesives and sealants
13.2 Aerospace
13.3 Agriculture
13.4 Automotive applications
13.5 Cementitious materials
13.6 Coated fabrics
13.7 Composites
13.8 Cosmetics
13.9 Cultural heritage
13.10 Dental materials
13.11 Electrical and electronics
13.12 Fibers
13.13 Film
13.14 Food
13.15 Flooring
13.16 Foams
13.17 Footwear
13.18 Fuel cells
13.19 Gaskets
13.20 Household products
13.21 Inks, varnishes, and lacquers
13.22 Medical applications
13.23 Membranes
13.24 Microspheres
13.25 Paints and coatings
13.26 Pharmaceutical products
13.27 Photographic materials
13.28 es
13.29 Roofing materials
13.30 Tires
13.31 Toys
A. Marcilla
J.C. García
